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Chapter 162 The Beginning of the Shocking Change (6.2k)

Three weeks later.

Su House.

It is still in the small yard where Xu Yun prepared the generator earlier.

At this moment, the surroundings of the yard have been cleaned up, even the stone table and flowers and trees have been removed.

in the entire courtyard.

The only thing left in the central area was a strange coffin-like device whose top was spliced ​​into an arch made of bricks.

Standing beside the equipment are Lao Su, Wang Ting brothers, Zong Ze, Wang Hou, Siegfried and others.
A hale and hearty old man with white beard and hair.

Of course.

Xu Yun was naturally there too.

At this moment, he was staring intently at the interior of the vaulted device, his eyes motionless.

Guessing that the time was almost up, he turned his head and said to Mr. Xie:

"Everyone cares, you can stop."

Mr. Xie took care of hearing the words, and quickly answered yes.

Turning around, I stopped the donkey that was pulling the blower, and put a lot of grass in front of it lovingly:
"Hurry up and fill your stomach, I need you later."

Brother Donkey:

"."

Xu Yun looked at Siegfried who had been waiting here for a long time, bowed his hands to him, and said with a smile:
"Master Qi, I'm sorry."

"My lord, you're being polite, it's just a matter of duty."

Siegfried returned a very reliable look at him, led several craftsmen to the side of the equipment, and pried open a preset cover with an iron bar.

As the lid was pried open, a hot stream of viscous molten iron began to slowly flow from the slot into a dug small pond.

Then Siegfried lightly and evenly sprinkled pig iron powder on the molten iron in the small pond according to Xu Yun's previous instructions.

Several other people stirred quickly with willow sticks.

See this situation.

Xu Yun felt a little relieved just now.

In ancient China, smelting steel and forging steel were the two most common ways of casting steel.

Taking the finished products of the Song Dynasty Bureau of Device Making as an example, the sulfur content in them is about [-]/[-], which is about [-]/[-].

mentioned earlier.

Every ten-thousandth difference between sulfur and phosphorus in steel can be called a huge difference in effect, which is not a concept at all.

Modern iron and steel technology basically uses this difference as the demarcation line of grades, and is divided into ordinary steel, high-grade steel, special-grade steel, special-grade peak steel, special-grade Dayuan steel, half-step super-strength steel, etc.
all in all.

Compared with the [-]/[-]th of the most common steel in modern times, the finished product of common steel in the Song Dynasty was a full six orders of magnitude worse.

Even if it is compared with the highest-quality steel products in the Tool Manufacturing Bureau, the difference can be shortened to about [-] at most.

Therefore, Xu Yun held the idea that 'the task is to make trouble anyway', and simply did not do anything, and made a big one:
He combined the Beizi steelmaking method of Beisermeier with the steel pouring method in the late Ming Dynasty, and designed a two-cubic-meter reverberatory furnace using the local 1956 small-volume furnace as a template.

The so-called reverberatory furnace.

Refers to a chamber flame furnace.

The fuel is burned in its combustion chamber, and the heat generated is reflected to the heating chamber by the furnace roof to heat the billet.

The heat transfer method in the furnace is not only by the reflection of the flame, but more importantly by the radiation heat transfer of the furnace roof, furnace wall and hot gas.

Therefore, there are certain requirements on the design specifications.

What Xu Yun used this time is a brick reverse-arched furnace bottom, with a thickness of about 900 mm. From bottom to top, it is as follows:
Furnace bottom cast iron plate, 20mm asbestos plate, 300mm clay brick, 100mm ramming material layer, and the uppermost layer of magnesia brick reverse arch.

what?
You ask how the magnesia bricks come from?
The magnesite is calcined at high temperature, and then crushed to a certain particle size to become sintered magnesite.

Then after pressing, you can get magnesia bricks with good appearance.

Considering that the melt ratio and depth of the trial preparation of horseshoes are small, Xu Yun adopted a reverse arch center angle of 129°. (It should be correct, the magnesia brick is 300 mm, does anyone check the calculation)
Thus.

The temperature in the furnace can easily reach over 1600 degrees, even close to 1800 degrees.

And in addition to equipment.

Xu Yun also made some improvements in terms of raw materials.

For example, bituminous coal is isolated from the air for coking, and coke is used instead of coal as fuel.

Another example is decarburization by pouring steel and so on.

Of course.

More critical is another step:
Increase the bellows of the draw.

There is no resource consumption in this step, and there is no labor cost, but it is tiring.

After a while, Siegfried raised his hand towards Xu Yun to signal:
"My lord, the molten iron has turned into a sponge."

Xu Yun walked quickly to the edge of the notch, and as soon as he approached, a scorching breath surged up:

"Master Qi, have you added all the pig iron filings?"

"Finished adding."

Xu Yunjian nodded:

"Then cut the molten iron into pieces, put it on the second floor, and inject oxygen."

Siegfried had already practiced the relevant operation methods before, so without much effort, he transferred the molten iron filled with pig iron filings to the second floor of the reverberatory furnace.

The temperature of the second layer of the reverberatory furnace is much lower than that of the first layer. The main purpose of this link is not calcination, but
Introduce oxygen.

or more precisely
Introduce pure oxygen.

That's right.

pure oxygen.

This is why Xu Yun is confident in forging steel with lower impurity content:

Well known.

The production of pure oxygen is an operation that can be done with one's own hands. There is no one who can't do it, right?

Cough
Considering the extremely high temperature inside the reverberatory furnace, Xu Yun did not use electrolyzed water to produce oxygen:
Not to mention the high energy consumption of oxygen production by electrolysis of water, it is also easy to mix with hydrogen.

Once the concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen reach a certain limit, certain didara behaviors are prone to occur in the reverberatory furnace.

Therefore, this time Xu Yun chose the standard laboratory oxygen production method of later generations.

That is, heating hot potassium permanganate to collect oxygen.

First of all, Xu Yun found pyrolusite through Lao Su's contacts. This is a very common ore, and you can find a lot of it in Bianjing.

This is then heated with potassium nitrate to produce potassium manganate.

Then electrolyze with an oxidizing agent in an alkaline solution.

In this way, potassium permanganate is obtained.

clam?
Where did potassium nitrate come from, you ask?

Remember the potassium nitrate salt bridge made from saltpeter from the plum soup shop when preparing chlorine gas? (See Chapter 123)
So the same sentence:

Xu Yun's generator and electrolytic cell are far more than just for show off.

Then, he directed Siegfried to move the copper pipe that transports oxygen to the entrance on the second floor.

Although the melting point of copper is less than 1100 degrees, the temperature of the second-floor reverberatory furnace is not high.

In addition, the copper pipe is only connected to the notch, so it is not necessary to consider that the copper pipe will melt.

"Be careful and poke it in slowly. It's very sensitive. Be prepared, if it comes out, be careful, don't let the water inside splash out"

The copper pipe is connected to the self-priming pump designed by Lao Su. As the valve is opened, a large amount of oxygen is quickly transported into the second floor.

The pure oxygen quickly combines with carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur in the spongy molten steel, and after oxidation, it escapes through the tuyere pulled by the donkey brother.

After just two quarters of an hour, the purity of the molten steel was stretched to an extremely high value—compared to this era.

"What a pity, what a pity"

Looking at the molten steel that had entered the final stage, Xu Yun couldn't help shaking his head slightly.

Seeing this, Wang Zhi couldn't help but ask:
"Xiao Wang, what are you regretting?"

Xu Yun sighed and said:
"We don't have enough time to prepare, and the relevant technical equipment is not enough, and the hardware conditions are a bit poor."

"So theoretically, the durability of cast steel can only reach fifteen times that of ordinary steel at most."

Wang reported:

"o_o?"

Xu Yun didn't notice Wang Tin's expression. What Wang Tin seemed to pretend to be was actually his true thoughts.

After all, if there are conditions.

Without too many steps, as long as nickel and chromium are added to the molten steel, the quality of the steel can be easily increased by ten times—that is, a gap of one order of magnitude.

Unfortunately.

The laterite nickel mines in the world are mainly distributed in tropical countries within 30 degrees north and south of the equator.

Although there are also some laterite nickel mines in the mainland, they are all distributed in the northwest and northeast, not in the Central Plains.

Such as Longyou, such as Zhuzhou, such as Baishan Songshui.

Among them, the latter two are currently not within the territory of the Song Dynasty. Although Longyou belongs to the Song Dynasty, it is an important frontier area for fighting with Xixia.

Right now, Longyou mainly focuses on fortifications, and in terms of resource development, it is far from reaching the level of later generations.

Therefore, Xu Yun's idea of ​​further purification can only be aborted, waiting for the lucky ones in future generations to discover it.

Another hour or so passed.

He estimated that the time was almost up, so Ziegfeld said:
"Master Qi, the time has come, I will leave the rest to you."

Siegfried nodded to him, and directed the other craftsmen to take out the softened molten steel and started forging.

clap clap-

The cotton candy-like molten steel gradually began to condense under Siegfried's stirring.

Siegfried felt that the heat was ready from the resistance, so he poured it into a horseshoe printing mold.

Many people in later generations are influenced by some film and television or civil horseshoes, and think that the horseshoe is a very simple tool.

But in fact.

The horseshoes of army horses and racing horses are very complicated, far from being as simple and light as they seem.

For example, the weight of a single horseshoe in the Olympic equestrian competition is 2.2 pounds, which is 1.99 kilograms, and the whole body is made of aluminum alloy.

In the Brisbane Museum of Kangaroo, there is also an iron horseshoe from the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, with a single weight of up to 3 kilograms.

Why is this thing so heavy?

Because the horseshoe combination needs not less than seven nails to reinforce in addition to the shoe, plus an iron sheet similar to a leg guard at the end.

With so many combined joints, it's no surprise that horseshoes are not low in weight.

The line of sight returned to the original place.

Another 20 minutes or so passed.

The molten iron is poured.

Xu Yun took over from Siegfried, holding the poured horseshoe with long-end tweezers and soaking it in the water.

This kind of operation, which is common in TV dramas, is quenching.

Its main purpose is to quickly condense and shape the iron embryos to have a hard entity.

But from a professional point of view.

Although the quenching action is simple, the principle is still relatively complicated.

呲——

Suddenly, a burst of white smoke rose.

The interior of the steel changes rapidly to austenite, and then quenched at a rate greater than the critical cooling rate, forming metastable martensite.

The deformation brings high-density dislocations, and the supercooling brought by rapid cooling makes the nucleation speed of new grains very high, and fine-grain strengthening appears.

The above two feedbacks are the external performance.
Quenching and setting are completed.

The blacksmith shop in the movie is usually almost ready after quenching, but the mechanical and electrical dog. Keke, students majoring in machinery should know it.

At this time, there is actually a lot of stress and brittleness inside the quenched part.

If the tempering step is not carried out in time, deformation or even cracking will often occur, and various troubles will appear in practice.

For example, a shovel that has not been tempered is likely to have a gap after digging a few times.

Therefore, Xu Yun tempered the horseshoe again, which completely ended the forging of the horseshoe.

A quarter of an hour later.

Holding the cooled horseshoe with bare hands, Xu Yun walked up to Wang Ting and the others, and handed it to the old man:
"Propaganda envoy, this thing is a horseshoe, please have a look."

That's right.

Hearing this surname, the judges must have guessed it:
This person is the well-known old businessman, the contemporary head of the Zhong family army, and the army soul of the Song Dynasty after Liu Fa's death.
Kind of teacher!
When connecting with Wang Hou earlier, Xu Yun specially asked Wang Ting to take the trouble to inquire about the old-fashioned news.

In the end, it was learned that Lao Zhong had indeed returned to Bianjing with the Western Army.

After all, Weizhou is the core center of this western battle. As the governor of Weizhou and the deputy envoy of the Taoist Army, Lao Zhong needs to be transported by him.

Now that the staged victory is back, the probability of him returning to Beijing together will not be less than [-]%.

After all, although the old type is not greedy for money, he has a high integrity, and there are no black spots in his life except for a few defeats in two games.

But that doesn't mean he has no desires.

Quite the opposite.

Being able to be the leader of the Zhong family army in the present, cultivating the teacher's way is almost a must for every achievement:
Anyway, it's the result of my blood and sweat, so there's nothing to be ashamed of.

If you don't fight for the welfare of the people below, how can others believe you?
Later, Xu Yun used the horseshoe as a guide to invite Lao Zhong to the mansion through Lao Su's book sticker.

But when he returned to the mansion, the old Zhong's attitude towards Xu Yun was rather lukewarm, and his complexion was a bit worse than that of Lao Jia.

Like this moment.

Seeing Xu Yun, a young man with a 'hairless mouth' holding a horseshoe, he said with certainty that it was ten times harder than ordinary steel.

The old man's eyes were full of suspicion.

After all, he is different from a civil servant like Lao Su.

The nature of soldiers is mostly straightforward, saying whatever they want, but it's just because of Lao Su's face that he has always been uncomfortable.

He cast a few glances at Xu Yun, then took the iron hoof of the horse.

He touched it with his upper hand, and flicked it lightly with his index finger.
After a while.

The old man's expression froze slightly, and a hint of surprise flashed across his face.

As the commander of the army who has been stationed abroad all year round, his familiarity with steel has reached an astonishing level.

Basically just get started.

He can judge whether it is low-grade steel, medium-grade steel or high-grade steel by quality, flatness and syllables.

Follow the tactile feedback he just got.

The material of the horseshoe weighing several kilograms in front of him seems to be almost the same as that of top-grade steel, and it is almost the same.

That is
How many brushes does the young man in front of him seem to have?
After all, he has also seen the forging process of the Weapons Bureau, and it is much slower than Xu Yun in terms of process and efficiency.

But what the old man didn't expect was.

Some steels are called top grade steels because they are just top grade steels.

And some steels are judged to be top-grade steels because of the existing cognitive system.
Only top grade steel.

Then the old species pondered for a moment, and took out a saber from his body.

This saber is a fine knife given to him by the late Song Zhezong, and the material is a batch of the best quality steel in the five years of Shaosheng.

Not to mention cutting iron like mud.

It's not difficult to leave a gap on the steel axle of the chariot with at least one blow.

In several life-and-death fights, the old species even used it to pierce the enemy's breastplate, which was much thicker than a horseshoe.

After getting the knives ready.

The old species put the horseshoe on the table, stroked the edge a few times with a knife, and asked Xu Yun:

"Little brother, can the old man give it a try?"

Xu Yun quickly made a gesture of invitation:
"As long as you want, I dare not ask for your ears."

The old one looked at him thoughtfully again.

If nothing else, this young man should still have some skills.

But it seems a little arrogant, or rather self-confident.

But if he can really produce high-quality steel on a large scale.

For the imperial court, especially for the Western Army, it can be regarded as a good thing.

So he hesitated for a few seconds.

He didn't exert all his strength, and planned to make a small breach to save Xu Yun some face.

Hands up.

Knife falls.

Clang——

I saw that with a contact sound accompanied by splashing fire, the dagger in the old man's hand
Suddenly split from the edge, and finally collapsed into two.
(End of this chapter)