1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 273: I once had lofty ambitions when I was young! The Bohr model is well known to the world!
When Ridgway returned to King's College, Bohr found him first.

After not seeing each other for more than a month, Bohr was no longer the elegant gentleman, but had turned into a bearded uncle.

But his wise eyes were shining with brilliance, containing infinite fire.

Bohr said excitedly: "Teacher, I have completed the first draft of my paper. Please help me see if there is anything that needs to be revised."

Li Qiwei looked at Bohr's unkempt appearance and suddenly felt a little funny.

Studying physics does affect your appearance.

Professor Planck was like this, and Bohr was no exception.

Fortunately, Mr. Li is a very talented man, and studying physics, chemistry and biology at the same time does not affect his handsomeness.

Picking up Bohr's paper, Li Qiwei read it carefully.

It has to be said that this time Bohr really made great progress.

In addition, with his usual strict teaching, the writing of this paper is fluent and logically rigorous, and can be used as a model for study.

Li Qiwei was very satisfied.

"Bohr, the paper is very well written and can be published without any changes."

"congratulations!"

Wow!
Bohr's eyes turned red instantly, and there was a hint of tears in them.

The pressure he had been under during this period was finally released.

Recalling the lecture nine years ago, Bohr felt as if it were a lifetime ago.

Bohr: Do you know how I have been through these nine years?

The ignorant boy had no respect for the famous physics genius.

Even with the other party's encouragement, he was so ignorant that he wanted to launch a challenge.

At that time, everyone just treated this matter as a topic of conversation.

No one believed that an ordinary teenager could defeat Bruce Lee.

Even Bohr's own father did not believe it, because the gap between the two was too big.

However, fate is so magical.

There is nothing impossible in the world.

Now, Bohr has finally realized his lofty ambitions since his youth.

My paper improved my mentor's planetary model, and to some extent, it overturned it.

But Bohr knew deeply that all this was due to Professor Bruce.

Without Professor Bruce, he would not have embarked on the path of physics.

Without Professor Bruce, he would not have had the opportunity to study planetary models.

Without Professor Bruce, he would not have been able to attend the first Bruce Conference and meet so many super bosses.

Without Professor Bruce, there would be no paper he has today.

In short, without Professor Bruce, he would just be a tall, handsome, wealthy and smart second-generation rich man.

You can only hug people on both sides, indulge in the land of tenderness, enjoy the prosperity of the world, and spend an ordinary life.

He will never be a physicist.

At this moment, Bohr's respect and gratitude for Ridgway reached the height of sacred worship.

"Thank you, Professor Bruce."

"You are my eternal mentor, not only an academic mentor, but also a mentor in life."

Hearing Bohr's sincere admiration, Li Qiwei was immediately delighted.

In fact, strictly speaking, Bohr was his real disciple.

He Yujie, Xia Yuanzhao, Xu Qitai, Qian Wushi, Qian Huzhou, Deng Huaining, Yu Yin and others, Li Qiwei imposed too many things on them.

They should have lived a carefree life, but they were tied to the fate of China.

Their academic work is not purely academic, but involves national and worldly interests.

But Bohr was different.

Ridgway had no vested interest in Bohr's teachings.

Even Chris and Gregory can't compare to him in this respect.

Only through Bohr did Ridgway feel the sacredness of the inheritance of knowledge.

Country and individual, reality and ideal, China and the world.

Li Qiwei has so much on his shoulders that it almost obscures his deep love for academics.

Without this passion, he would not have been able to get a PhD in his previous life.

Instead, Ridgway wanted to thank Bohr.

Without Bohr, he felt that he was just a robot sent by God to save China.

He completed various tasks mechanically. Academics were just his tools and research was just his means.

Bohr's presence made Li Qiwei feel the warmth of pure academics.

The vast artistic conception of pursuing the truth of the universe far exceeds the feelings of family and country.

Even though Li Qiwei had the knowledge of later generations, there were still countless dark clouds that were not resolved.

In this life, he was destined to be able to participate freely in the great era of physics together with the geniuses in history.

And this prosperous era will be opened by his own hands.

At this moment, Bohr suddenly felt that Professor Bruce in front of him had undergone a very special change.

If we say that Professor Bruce before was a high and mighty god, then nothing in physics could cause him any emotional fluctuations.

Now, he seemed to have a little more humanity, making people feel that he was within reach and a real existence.

Even Bohr could feel the passion and excitement in Li Qiwei's eyes.

Is that the emotion Professor Bruce would have?

Given the other party's status, even my paper should not have caused such a reaction.

Suddenly, Boer's chrysanthemums tightened, and he thought of a possibility, "No way, don't scare me."

It is said that the British are fond of this. Could it be that Professor Bruce has been infected after staying there for too long?

When Li Qiwei calmed down from his reverie, he saw Bohr's strange look.

He suddenly understood what was going on, and, not knowing whether to laugh or cry, he slapped Bohr on the head.

"Get out of here and publish your paper."

"It's time to let the physics community feel the terrifying power of our King's School."

Bohr looked excited and full of enthusiasm, and both the master and the disciple laughed out loud at the same time.

On March 1911, 3, Nature magazine published Bohr's paper "On the Structure of the Atom" on its cover.

The full text is divided into two parts.

The first part mainly analyzes the defects of the planetary model.

In his paper, Bohr stated that according to the theory of the planetary model, electrons move in a circular motion around the nucleus.

This is a variable acceleration movement.

Because the direction of the electron's velocity is constantly changing, its acceleration is also constantly changing.

According to Maxwell's equations, electrons are charged, so accelerated motion causes changes in the electric field.

The changing electric field will stimulate the changing magnetic field.

The changing magnetic field in turn stimulates a changing electric field.

The electric field and magnetic field constantly alternate, and the energy of the electrons is radiated outward in the form of electromagnetic waves.

Eventually, due to energy loss, the electron loses stability, the orbital radius continues to shrink, and it falls into the nucleus.

And the above process will be completed in a very short time.

According to Bruce's planetary model, atoms are unstable and cannot exist, which is obviously not true.

In the second part, Bohr proposed his own theory to transform the planetary model.

He was the first to propose the concept of "stable state orbit" of electrons.

It is believed that the orbits of electrons in the planetary model are not arbitrarily continuous, but can only move in circular motion on specific orbits.

That is, the orbit of electrons is quantized.

To this end, he cited Professor Case's paper on the angular momentum of the electron.

The quantization of electron angular momentum proves the rationality of orbital quantization.

Then, Bohr proposed the concept of "orbital quantum number", which he represented by the letter "n".

That is, if an electron in an atom has only one stable orbital, its orbital quantum number is 1, that is, n=1.

n can only be a positive integer greater than 1.

In each orbit, electrons have their own specific orbital energy.

Bohr called the orbital energy value of an electron "energy level", represented by "En", where n represents the orbital number.

That is, energy level is the concept of the energy size of the orbit, rather than the concept of the orbit itself.

In addition, when n=1, the electron has the lowest energy level, and this state is called the electron's ground state.

When electrons are at other energy levels, they are called excited states.

The larger the value of n, the higher the energy level of the electron.

The electrons in different atoms have different energy levels in their ground state and excited state.

Taking the hydrogen atom as an example, the paper calculated the size of each electron energy level and the corresponding orbital radius.

The energy level of the ground state is [-13.6 electron volts], also recorded as [-13.6eV].

(【eV】is a unit of energy, e stands for electron, and V stands for voltage.)
(This unit represents the kinetic energy gained by an electron after passing through a potential difference of 1V.)
(This unit of energy is very, very small compared to the joule and is specifically used to express energy at the atomic level.)
(Note that there is a negative sign [-] in front of eV, so the larger the number, the smaller the energy value, and the energy of the outermost electron is 0.)
(The energy level of an electron is negative because the kinetic energy of the electron itself is less than the absolute value of the potential energy of the system consisting of the electron and the nucleus.)
(Electric potential energy is negative, so the total energy of the electron is equal to the kinetic energy plus the electric potential energy, which is a negative value.)
Then, Bohr proved through theoretical calculations that the size of other energy levels is equal to the ground state energy level divided by the square of the orbital quantum number, that is, E/n.

For example, when n=2, the energy level is (-13.6eV/4=-3.4eV).

Bohr then calculated the size of the orbital radius of the electron in its ground state.

The orbital radius of other energy levels is equal to the orbital radius of the ground state multiplied by n.

比如如果基态的轨道半径是2，则n=2时的轨道半径是2×4=8。

At this point, Bohr established a quantized atomic model in his paper, the core of which is the quantized electron orbit.

(Note that at this time, Bohr did not propose the concept of "electron transition" in his paper.)
Once the paper was published, it instantly caused a huge earthquake in the physics community. Boom!
Everyone in the field of physics was shocked speechless by Bohr's paper.

At this moment, physicists all over the world were reading Bohr's paper over and over again.

“Oh my God, this paper totally changed my mind.”

"Bohr is awesome. The idea of ​​quantizing the electron's orbit is really genius."

"This is another great victory for quantum theory."

"Bohr, that young man who claimed to overthrow Bruce when he was young, actually did it."

"Bruce overthrew his mentor, and now he is overthrown by his own students. This will become a legend in physics."

"Hahaha, it's rare that Bruce would actually be denied by others one day."

"After the Thomson date cake model and the Bruce planet model, now there is a Bohr model."

The quantized atomic model proposed by Bohr in his paper was quickly referred to by physicists as the Bohr model.

This reflects the shock that this theory brings to everyone.

University of Chicago, USA.

Michelson, Millikan and Hubble were chatting in the office.

On Michelson's desk, the Nature journal containing Bohr's paper was curled up, obviously it had been read many times.

Michelson sighed, "Oh, I never thought that the boy who looked stupid at the beginning would grow to this level after being trained by Bruce."

“I remember well him being the minute-taker at the first Bruce meeting.”

"At that time, although he looked very smart, he was still a young boy."

"It's just such a short time."

"I can't tell whether he is a genius or Bruce's teaching method is too powerful."

"He should be the first person to prove Bruce wrong."

"What a terrifying life."

Millikan couldn't stop nodding after listening to it.

He was also a young talent who verified the photoelectric effect through experiments.

But compared with Bohr, the gap is quite large.

Moreover, he is already 43 years old this year, and judging from his age, he is on the decline.

Compared with his vigorous younger generations like Bohr, he has no advantages except that he has read more papers.

"Bruce is just horrible."

"It's fine if he himself is a top genius, but I didn't expect that the doctoral student he randomly recruited is also a super genius."

"It would be great if he were an American."

At this time, the two big names in the American physics community looked at Hubble together.

Hubble suddenly felt an inexplicable pressure.

I was nervous inside, “Oh my God, you don’t want me to compete with Bohr, do you?”

Michelson said earnestly: "Hubble, I was very opposed to your idea of ​​studying abroad in Europe."

"But now it seems that you made the right decision."

"If you stay in the United States, your talent will be buried."

"Hubble, I support you studying abroad in Europe."

"Have you decided which country and which university you want to go to?"

Hubble didn't think much about it and said decisively: "I want to study with Professor Bruce for two years, and then return to the University of Chicago to pursue a doctorate."

Michelson was overjoyed when he heard this and kept saying, "Good! Good! Good!"

"Hubble, I was right about you. You are the future of American physics."

"Bruce, I'll talk to him."

"I'm sure he won't refuse you."

Millikan also looked at the young man with a smile.

The other party did not blindly want to become Bruce's doctoral student, but went there simply to study, which shows his patriotism.

If it were an ordinary person, he would probably have been eager to become someone's disciple.

After all, that was Bruce Lee.

A great teacher who has trained great students like Qian Wushi and Bohr.

Now it is said that being Bruce's doctoral student is almost equivalent to booking the Nobel Prize in Physics in advance.

Hubble's eyes also became determined, he had his own pride.

In front of thousands of people, he received personal praise from Professor Bruce.

This is not only an honor, but also a spur.

He wanted to achieve a breakthrough on his own, even with the guidance of someone else, but not Professor Bruce.

This is a subtle feeling between men.

Sakura Country, Tokyo Imperial University.

Nagaoka Hantaro held the paper in his hand and was reluctant to put it down for a long time.

He sighed and looked out the window.

Opposite the desk, Jun Ishihara and another young man stood there quietly.

The two of them looked at Nagaoka Hantaro, the man who single-handedly took on the physics of the Great Sakura Empire.

He has too much pressure on his shoulders.

After a long while, Nagaoka Hantaro said to the young man, "Nishina-kun, now you know what a genius is like."

"And even such a genius was born under the training of Li Qiwei."

"That man, he has become stronger again."

"It's ridiculous that people in China still often treat my Saturn model as a treasure."

"And now, Europe has begun to use quantum to explain atoms."

"The Bohr model is a fantastic theory."

"We are really far behind." Nagaoka Hantaro felt powerless and a little tired.

There was a fire of desire burning in Yoshio Nishina's eyes.

He was only 21 years old this year when he was discovered by chance by Hantaro Nagaoka and recruited to study physics at the Imperial University of Tokyo, where he was personally instructed.

In real history, Yoshio Nishina is known as the "Father of Modern Physics in the Country of Sakura" and the "Father of Atomic Physics in the Country of Sakura".

When the United States, Britain, France, Germany and other countries were researching atomic bombs at the same time, the Sakura Country far away in Asia was not willing to be outdone.

Therefore, the Sakura Country launched a top-secret atomic bomb development plan code-named "Project Ren".

The word "Ren" in "Ren Plan" is taken from the first character of Yoshio Nishina's name, which shows his position in this plan.

But in the end, due to various reasons, Sakura Country's Ren Plan failed, otherwise history would have been rewritten.

Yoshio Nishina also went to study abroad at the University of Copenhagen, where his mentor was Bohr.

After returning to China, he invited Bohr, Heisenberg and Dirac to visit the Sakura Country.

And now, he is just a nobody.

Yoshio Nishina is a cold person. He doesn't like to talk big, but gets pleasure from his verbal skills.

So he did not answer Nagaoka Hantaro's words, but stood there quietly, listening to his teacher's teachings.

At this time, Ishihara Jun said: "Professor, can you invite Li Qiwei to give a speech in Sakura Country?"

“Just like Michelson in the United States, we invited Ridgway to introduce the most cutting-edge results in physics.”

"They even discovered a genius like Edwin Hubble because of it."

"I think Sakura Country also needs such an opportunity."

"Otherwise, most students are too proud and arrogant, thinking that their country's physics level is world-class."

Nagaoka Hantaro shook his head, "No, it's too far."

"Sakura Country is too far away from Europe. Li Qiwei's time is so precious. It's impossible for him to come here."

"Originally I wanted to send you two to study abroad in Europe."

"But my friends in the Imperial Army told me not to go to Europe in the last few years."

"The national conflicts there are becoming more and more intense, and there is a high possibility of war."

"I think Li Qiwei will definitely return to his country."

"So, we still need to wait for the right time."

Both Jun Ishihara and Yoshio Nishina felt a sense of sadness.

Although their Sakura Country is extremely powerful in the eyes of the Qing Dynasty.

But compared with Britain and the United States, it is pitifully weak.

Whether it is national strength or scientific background, there is no comparison.

They shoulder the responsibility of making the physics of the Great Sakura Empire strong.

At this moment, Bohr's quantized atomic model completely shocked the world.

All physicists are rejoicing over a major breakthrough in the field of atomic structure.

Second-rate physics countries like the United States and the Land of Sakura can only envy from the sidelines.

In Europe, the center of physics, the Bohr model will set off a new storm.

At the same time, he will face unprecedented challenges.

The big guys here won't easily admit a theory.

Even if the other party is Bruce's student.

Ridgwell's quantum theory and special theory of relativity were recognized only after exciting debates among many scholars.

Various bigwigs took turns to ask tricky questions one after another.

As a result, the narrow phase has not been fully recognized until now, which shows how difficult it is to have a completely new theory.

So, Bohr still has a long way to go.

If you want to wear a crown, you must bear its weight!
(End of this chapter)