Summoning of the Great General of the Great Qin Empire

Chapter 217

Even the father of Wanyan Honglie, a descendant of Wanyan Aguda, also came out.

Jinzhangzong Wanyanjing was born on Bingxu Day in July of the eighth year of Dading (1168). The small character Ma Dage was named because he was born in Ma Dage Mountain in Jinlianchuan.He is the grandson of Jin Shizong Wanyan Yong, the son of Jin Xianzong Wanyan Yungong, and his mother Xiaoyi Empress Tu Shan.

In the 18th year of Dading (1178), Wanyan Jing was named the King of Jinyuan County, and began to learn Jurchen small characters and Chinese scriptures, with Jinshi Wanyan Kuang and Sijing Xu Xiaomei as attendants.In the 25th year of Dading (1185), his father Wanyan Yungong passed away, and he was granted the title of Yuanwang and sentenced to Daxing Mansion.The following year, he paid homage to Shangshu You, Prime Minister, and was established as the emperor's grandson.

In the 29th year of Dading (1189), on the Guisi day of the first month, Jin Shizong died, and Wan Yanjing succeeded to the throne in front of the coffin on the same day as Jin Zhangzong.The following year the name was changed to Mingchang.Zhang Zong grew up in the period of "Da Ding Zhizhi" when Jin Shizong was in power. He was influenced by his grandfather's literary and military strategies since childhood, and he also had a thorough understanding of Confucian culture.After he ascended the throne, while continuing his grandfather's "benevolent government", he tried his best to follow the example of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty who denied the old system of his family's overall Sinicization reform, and no longer followed Sejong's national egotism.Continuously improve various political and economic systems, and realize the complete feudalization of the Jurchens.

In February of the 29th year of Dading (1189), as soon as Zhang Zong came to the throne, he solved the historical problem of slaves in the Jin Dynasty, also known as "second tax households".These slaves had to pay taxes to the country and rent to the temples, and their status was the lowest. With the development of feudalism, the existence of slavery has become a serious obstacle to the development of production. After Zhangzong's efforts, the vast majority of slaves became civilians.

Zhang Zong was intelligent and studious, and had the style of his father. He loved literature and advocated elegance. Therefore, there were many celebrities at that time. Most of the ministers in power had literary talent and knowledge. Capable officials and upright ministers were appointed. Politics was clear and civilized. bright.

Zhangzong inherited the prosperity of Dading, strengthened the reform of the official system, and set up many new institutions to meet the situation and needs.At the same time, Zhang Zong made great achievements in the construction of the legal system, which played a great role in consolidating the political power, stabilizing the society, developing the economy, and safeguarding the interests of the ruling class.The feudalization of the Jurchen society was finally completed. This was the most prosperous period of the Jin Dynasty. The economy was developed, the population increased, the treasury was full, and the world was rich. Historians rated it as "well-off in the universe".

The Zhangzong period was the period with the largest population in the Jin Dynasty. In the sixth year of Mingchang (1206), there were 7223400 Khitan and Jurchen Han households, with 48490400 people, an increase of more than 27 households, and more than 1187 people than in the 1623700th year of Sejong Dading (8827000). .The population was at its peak during the Taihe period, with a total population of more than 5600 million.

In the later period of the reign, floods, droughts and locust plagues occurred frequently in the Central Plains, and the three major embankment breaches of the Yellow River made it a foregone conclusion that the river channel would move southward and seize the Huaihe River into the sea, but it also made the economy of the Jin Dynasty slump.This is because: On the one hand, farmers on both sides of the strait were displaced, agriculture in the Central Plains was severely damaged, and the central government's fiscal and taxation was greatly affected.On the other hand, the large-scale disaster relief and river defense made the financial situation of the Jin Dynasty even worse. In the year when Zhang Zong came to the throne, repairing the embankment cost more than 430 million yuan.

Zhang Zong also favored Li Shi'er (later named Yuan Fei) and trusted Li's relatives, and appointed Xu Chiguo, who was born in Jingtong, to manage the government.These two colluded with each other and interfered in politics for profit, which caused Zhang Zong's political style to gradually decline in his later period. The flooding and diversion of the Yellow River caused the Jin Dynasty to begin to decline.At this time, the Jin Dynasty's military gradually became desolate, and the Mongolian tribes in the north rose.Zhang Zong once sent troops to Jiading, Mongolia, and induced each other to kill each other, but with little effect. Seeing the decline of the Jin Dynasty, the powerful official of the Southern Song Dynasty, Han Yuzhou, ordered Wu Xi, the grandson of Wu Lin, to manage Shu and prepare for the Northern Expedition. The Jin Dynasty also sent servant San Kui to guard Bianjing. , to resist the Song army. In 1206, Han Yuzhou launched the Kaixi Northern Expedition. The Song army once regained the Huaibei area, but Wu Xi, who was guarding the Shu region, surrendered to the Jin Dynasty.

In August, Pu Sankui led the army to go south on nine routes. At the end of the year, the Jin soldiers approached the Yangtze River and besieged Xiangyang.Wu Xi was killed the following year, and Sichuan returned to the Southern Song Dynasty. So far, the two sides intend to negotiate a peace.Han Yuzhou was finally killed at the request of the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. The two sides negotiated a peace in the eighth year of Taihe (1208), which was known as the Jiading Peace Agreement in history. The court paid 30 million taels of "army money", and the Jin Dynasty began to return the lost land in the Southern Song Dynasty.

As the emperor of Taiping, Zhang Zong also spent more and more extravagantly, not at all as frugal as Jin Shizong.He remodeled the palace furnishings, using [-] embroidery workers every day, and it took two years to complete the work.The improvement and expansion of the bureaucracy caused the number of officials in the last years of Zhangzong to triple compared with that in the reign of Sejong, and these costs must also be included in the national financial expenditure.Coupled with the disaster relief, river defense and military expenses just mentioned, Wan Yanjing felt deeply financially distressed.

In order to make up for the financial deficit, the Jin Dynasty began to issue banknotes indiscriminately.The people refused to use this depreciated banknote and traded in copper coins privately. Even if the imperial court issued administrative orders to maintain the banknote law, it would not help.Some situations can quite explain the seriousness of the depreciation of the banknotes: when Wan Yanjing was alive, Wanguan could only buy one biscuit when he handed over the banknotes; and two years after his death, once in order to issue military rewards, 84 carts were used to ship them. Pay the bills.

On Yimao day in November of the eighth year of Taihe (1208), Jin Zhangzong Wan Yanjing fell ill, and died of illness in Fu'an Hall on Bingchen day of the same month at the age of 41.All six of his sons died before the age of three.Since he had no heirs, his uncle Wei Wang Wanyan Yongji succeeded him.Zhang Zong issued a posthumous edict saying: "I have no children yet, and Jia and Fan are pregnant and about to give birth. If a boy is born between the two concubines, he will be crowned emperor immediately." For this reason, Wanyan Yongji immediately eliminated Li and Jia after he succeeded to the throne. , Fan Sanfei and other foreign relatives.

In the first month of the first year of Tai'an (1209), he was posthumously titled Xian Tian Guang Yun Ren Wen Yi Wu Sheng Ying Xiao Emperor, temple name Zhang Zong.On Jiashen Day in February of the same year, he was buried in Daoling.

Wan Yanjing is the last person to complete Jurchen's feudalization, and he has three actions in this regard.

One, the abolition of slavery.During Sejong's reign, slaves were only partially liberated.When Wan Yanjing came to the throne, he released the slaves who were former slaves and servants in the palace register as benefactors, and liberated the Jurchen slaves; the Khitan slaves and maids controlled by the monks and Taoists of the former temples were also released as benefactors.In the second year of Mingchang (1191), the Law of Slave to Seduce Beloved into Slave was updated, confirming in legal form the results of abolition of slavery and prohibition of seduction into slavery.

Second, restrict Jurchen privileges.Wan Yanjing successively formulated a series of regulations on Meng'an Mouke, such as exempting official qualifications after the town, neglecting hereditary qualifications before the army, hereditary qualifications when pardoning and killing people in fights and murders, expelling seniors, and inheriting procedures. Ge and so on, under the guise of protecting the rights and interests of Meng'an Mouke, actually weakened or abolished the privileges of Meng'an Mouke Jurchen households through legal regulations, and eliminated a group of mediocre and incompetent Meng'an Mouke, thus improving Meng'an Mouke An Mooke's overall quality.

Third, protect feudal agriculture.In the third year of Mingchang (1192), Wanyanjing stipulated that Meng'an Mouke could only lead his households to hunt twice in winter, and each time he went out for no more than ten days. Habit.In the following year, he ordered that the forbidden land of the palace and hunting grounds should be cultivated by the people.These measures are obviously conducive to the development of the feudal agricultural economy.

Fourth, intermarriage between Tibetan and Han people was allowed.In the second year of Mingchang (1191), Wanyan Jing agreed with the proposal of Shangshu Province and believed that "if the Jurchen meng Anmou Ke and local Han households marry each other, it will achieve long-term peace for the country."In the sixth year of Taihe, he issued an edict to allow intermarriage between military households in the fields and residents there.Through the bond of intermarriage, the Jurchen people accelerated their integration with the Han people in the Central Plains.

Due to the lack of copper in the Jin Dynasty, copper coins could not replace paper money as the main currency in circulation.During the reign of Jin Zhangzong, paper money was issued in large quantities as a permanent currency, and the currency was changed repeatedly, causing resentment from the citizens, and the gold token system began to fall into extreme chaos.Socio-economic crisis.Some economic countermeasures were adopted for this political theory, one of which was to cast silver ingots to facilitate circulation. Before the second year of Jin Zhangzong Chengding (1162), silver was measured by ingots, and the silver ingots weighed 50 taels. , began to cast "Cheng'an Baohuo", ranging from 1 tael to 10 taels in total of 5 grades, and has since become a legal tender. Although this revolutionary change in currency could not change the extremely chaotic situation of the Jin Dynasty's economy, it had a profound impact on future generations .

Wan Yanjing received a good education in Jurchen culture and Han culture since childhood.When he was crowned king, he was able to thank him in the Jurchen language, which really moved Sejong, who insisted on the Jurchen tradition.But he was also the most sinicized monarch among the emperors of the Jin Dynasty, and the Sinicization of the Jurchen clan was finally announced and completed in the Zhangzong Dynasty.In this regard, he played a multifaceted role.

First, respect Confucius.In the second year of his accession to the throne, he repaired the Confucian Temple in Qufu, the verandahs with blue tiles, carved dragons and stone pillars, which were extremely spectacular;Confucius received the same respect in the Jin Dynasty as in the Song Dynasty.

Second, improve the imperial examinations.In the year when he came to the throne, Wan Yanjing added the School of Jingtong.At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Wan Yanjing added a system of juhong Ci to treat extraordinary people, and the imperial examinations of the Jin Dynasty were now complete.Therefore, it is said in history: In the era of Sejong and Zhangzong, the style of Confucianism changed greatly, the school prospered day by day, and scholars who became prime ministers from the imperial examinations looked at each other back and forth.

Third, improve the etiquette system.During Shizong's reign, officials were ordered to refer to the history of Tang and Song Dynasties, and agreed on rites and music. Zhang Zongchu compiled more than 1195 volumes of "Jin Zhuanxiu Miscellaneous Records".In the sixth year of Mingchang ([-]), it was compiled into "Da Jin Yi Li", which was called "Da Ding and Ming Chang Qi Li Baptist" in history.At the same time, the Jin Dynasty began to offer sacrifices to the Three Emperors and Five Emperors and Yu, Tang, Wen and Wu, indicating that it inherited the Han dynasty.

Fourth, the revision of the code.It is known in history as "the era of Mingchang, laws and regulations were revised together, and the style was prepared".During the Mingchang period, it was compiled into "Mingchang Law and Justice", and other imperial articles such as questioning goods, borders, and expediency were compiled.In the first year of Taihe (1201), the "Taihe Law" was compiled, which is the most complete legal code of the Jin Dynasty.

The measures promulgated by Wan Yanjing in the aspect of perfecting the Han system are a summary of the Sinicization of the Jurchen nationality, and have positive significance in the process of Jurchen feudalization in the Jin Dynasty.Wan Yanjing forbids calling the Jurchens "Fan", and she herself is like the emperor of the Han family.He is good at the calligraphy and painting works of Han scholars, and he learned the thin gold style of Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty.He also set up a calligraphy and painting academy, and ordered Wang Tingyun, a Han Chinese, to serve as the capital supervisor to appraise the calligraphy and painting of Wang Xizhi and Gu Kaizhi for him.Wanyan Jing has a profound knowledge of Chinese poetry. There is a sentence that goes: "The curtains of the 36 palaces are rolled up, and the east wind blows flowers everywhere." Although the poem style is delicate, it is a good sentence with artistic conception.

The Tatar tribes in the north maintained a long-term vassal relationship with the Jin Dynasty.However, from the sixth year of Mingchang (1195) to the third year of Cheng'an (1198), they invaded the borders of the Jin Dynasty from time to time.Wanyanjing adopted a strategy of both offense and defense.On the one hand, Jiagu Qingchen, Wanyan Xiang and Wanyan Zonghao were sent to the north several times, inflicting heavy losses.On the other hand, Wan Yanxiang personally supervised the soldiers, soldiers and civilians, and dug a [-]-mile-long border from Linhuang (southeast of today's Balinzuo Banner in Inner Mongolia) to Taizhou (now northeast of Tao'an, Heilongjiang).According to archaeological surveys, the boundary is three to four meters deep and more than ten meters wide. There is also a wall fort built on the inside. This is a massive defensive fortification.Although the southern invasion of the Tatar tribes broke the tranquility of Mingchang and Chengan, fortunately, the Mongolian tribes had not yet unified into a powerful and invincible nomadic military empire, and had not yet posed a truly huge threat to the Jin Dynasty.

Wan Yanjing always devoted himself to maintaining peace with the Song Dynasty to the south, but Han Yuzhou, a power minister in the Southern Song Dynasty, took the initiative to provoke the war, launched the Kaixi Northern Expedition, and the Jin Dynasty counterattacked.Although the wars on the north and south fronts ended with the Jin Dynasty gaining the upper hand, the huge military expenditures made the Jin Dynasty's finances unable to make ends meet.

"Golden History": Zhang Zong has been in power for 20 years, inherited Shi Zong's rule for a long time, and the universe is well-off.I also asked the ministers Han Xuan to comprehensively verify the names and facts, and the method of examination in the Tang Dynasty. If you want to cross the Liao and Song Dynasties and compare them to the Han and Tang Dynasties, you can also be said to be aspiring to govern!However, the servant girl favored the dynasty, but the tomb heir has not been established, and the imperial family is neglected, and the teaching is not human.Xiang Zhi's so-called maintenance and consolidation for a long time are only stationery and cannot be used by future generations. Jin Yuanshi has since declined!In the past, Yangxiong's family said: "Qin Zhiyousi bears Qin's law, Qin's law bears the sage's law." Gai You Yifu.

Yuwen Maozhao: Zhang Zong was good at Confucianism. After several years, he built Taixue and Confucianism prevailed.The academy selects five or six officials to serve as officers, to talk about scriptures and Taoism, and to sing oh well.Among the ministers, there are those who are slightly skilled in poetry and prose. They must be named, promoted to important places, and have a few cultural relics.

Zhao Bingwen: During the Ming and Chang Dynasties, the imperial court was clear and the world was fine.

Liu Qi: Zhang Zong is intelligent, has a paternal style, belongs to literature and studies, and advocates elegance, so there are many famous scholars at that time.When the ministers are in power, most of them have literary talents and knowledge, and all the capable officials and straight ministers can be used.However, the study of literature is limited to poems and chapters, and I don't know how to explain the scriptures as the way to protect the country and the people, so that the foundation will last for a long time.He is also quite extravagant, advocating the construction of palaces, foreign relatives and villains often pre-government, and has no aspirations for sages and nobles, and favors barbarians; ministers only know how to flatter, and dare not go against what they like, so there is no strategy for maintaining a long life. , peace and happiness for a while, this is the reason for enlightening Daan and chastity for the weak.

Tao Zongyi: Five confidants of the emperor, Tang Xuanzong, Later Tang Zhuangzong, Southern Tang Empress, Song Huizong, and Jin Zhangzong.

Emperor Qianlong: It was Zu Jia who learned Mandarin and kept old things for Sun Yi.Fu Yu gradually dyed Hua Feng, Shu Ji that Wen Yu 咈.Entrusted but likes to be weak and weak, and tame the source of gold.It's a pity that the large scale will make Zhang Zong decline.

After Zhang Zong ascended the throne, he didn't know how to govern, but he was anxious about the rules and cultural relics, and Jie Rong's martial arts were abandoned as if they were left behind.And because he had no children, he neglected the clan, and because King Shao of Wei was weak and ruined his intelligence, he suddenly spread the news and no longer contributed to the clan's plan.Gradually, when he was reduced to Xu, Jinyuan's career declined due to Zhang Zong.

Bi Yuan: At that time, Jin had a state for 70 years, rituals, music, politics and punishment. Because of the old systems of Liao and Song Dynasty, they were messy and inconsistent. Known as Qingming.

Wu Mei: Zhang Zong is enlightened, and also writes many chants.Jugufan Ci, a swan song for a while... Although it is a gift, it is elegant and meticulous, and it comes from Chenhan.

Waishan Military Governance: When it comes to Chinese-style education, Zhang Zong is second to none among the emperors of the Jin Dynasty, even compared with the emperor of the Han Dynasty.

Wan Yanjing was the most sinicized among the supreme rulers of the Jin Dynasty, and he was a literati-type emperor of the Jin Dynasty.Even Yannan Zhi'an, a native of the Yuan Dynasty, combined him with Tang Xuanzong, Later Tang Zhuangzong, Southern Tang Empress, and Song Huizong as "five people who are close friends of the emperor" in history, which shows the depth of its Sinicization.

Wan Yanjing likes calligraphy, fine painting, knows music and rhythm, is good at writing, and has many poems to be called. The first volume of "Return to Qian Zhi" praised his "Gongzhong" quatrain "five clouds, gold and green arches, morning glow, towering pavilions, and the emperor's house .36 The palace curtains are all rolled up, and the east wind blows flowers everywhere", which is called "the poem of the real emperor".The third volume of "Ci Yuan Cong Tan" by Xu Yun of the Qing Dynasty even believed that Zhang Zong was "like the father and son of the Li family in the Southern Tang Dynasty".

Wan Yanjing preferred Song Huizong's thin gold body, and specialized in calligraphy from Huizong.The ancient copy of Gu Kaizhi's "Nv Shi Zhen Tu" in the British Museum is now in the British Museum. There is a "Nv Shi Zhen" written on the left side of the scroll. Handwritten by Wan Yanjing (the word "gong" in the text lacks a pen, and the Waishan family believes that it is to avoid the taboo of Zhang's patriarch Yun Gong).

(End of this chapter)