Summoning of the Great General of the Great Qin Empire

Chapter 230

Yeluxian (948-982 AD), the second son of Emperor Shizong Yeluruan of the Liao Dynasty, was the fifth emperor of the Liao Dynasty in China. In 969, Liao Muzong was killed by his attendants, and Yeluxian was elected emperor. He reigned for 14 years, and the temple name was Jingzong.

After he ascended the throne, he established the system of heir succession, which is a symbol of the feudalization of Khitan society.The title of Emperor Tianzan was changed to Baoning.When he was in power, he returned to Dengwen Drum Court, so that the people had a place to appeal for grievances, and also reduced the criminal law to appease the people.He reused Han officials and abolished the bad system, and the Liao Kingdom rejuvenated, but the effect was limited. He died in 982 at the age of 35 and was buried in Qianling in Beizhen, Liaoning.

The heavy use of Han officials by the Liao Dynasty mainly started during the Jingzong period. After Jingzong ascended the throne, he first made Gao Xun, the Han official who supported him as the emperor, the envoy of the Southern Privy Council, and then the King of Qin.

It turned out that Han Kuangsi, the son of the Han official Han Zhigu, was appointed as the left-behind in Shangjing, and later changed to the left-behind in Nanjing, and he was granted the title of King Yan.This shows that the Liao Dynasty had incorporated Han officials into the central organization of the regime, because the post of left-behind in Nanjing had always been held by the Khitan clan, which was an important position.The appointment of Han Kuangsi shows that the status of Han officials has been significantly improved.

Due to the reuse of Han officials, it greatly promoted the progress and work efficiency of the regime, and also promoted the feudalization of Khitan.From then on, the Liao Dynasty entered the period of ZTE and began to march towards the heyday of the Holy Sect.This is just like Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty laid the foundation for the "Government of Zhenguan" and Emperor Yongzheng laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Qianlong period.

In order to completely change the chaotic situation during Mu Zong's period, Jing Zong carried out reforms on the administration of officials.He asked the Han official Shifang about the way of governing the country, studied the experience and lessons of ancient and modern dynasties, and then applied them to the practice of reform.In the process of implementation, Jingzong made clear rewards and punishments, and employed people boldly, that is, "let no one doubt".This makes Baiguan conscientiously perform their duties and dare not slack off at all.Many disadvantages of Mu Zong's period were quickly eliminated.In this way, with the joint efforts of the monarch and his ministers, the politics began to show a clear and bright atmosphere, and the national power also rose accordingly. This was the main reason for the victory in the war with the Northern Song Dynasty.

There are also records of Jingzong's accepting remonstrance history. At the end of Jingzong's reign, Guo Xi wrote to him, advising him to reduce the number of safari, saying that Mu Zongshi neglected political affairs because of his greed for safari, which resulted in a lot of resentment.After ten years of conquest, the political situation is still not completely stable.Although the country has had good harvests year after year, the economy has not yet fully recovered. This is a good time to work hard for governance, but I heard that His Majesty is also obsessed with hunting. This should be restrained and self-control to prevent the tragedy of Mu Zongshi from repeating itself.Moreover, there is the threat of the Northern Song Dynasty in the south. If they hear that His Majesty is obsessed with hunting, they may take the opportunity to go north again.I hope that His Majesty can restrain himself in time, put the country's society first, and seek prosperity for the country and peace for the government and the people.

Although Jingzong didn't fully adopt it after reading it, he admired Guo Xi very much.Because at this time the Northern Song Dynasty had already launched the battle to regain Yanyun, and Jingzong was fighting it with all his strength. He just restrained his hunting activities, but he could only wait until later to devote himself to political construction.

The process of Liao Jingzong's governance of the Liao Kingdom was also a process in which he learned Han culture, summarized the experience of Han people in governing the country, and applied it to practice.It turns out that Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty attached great importance to the development of agriculture. He not only supported the development of agriculture by the Han people in Han areas, but also allowed people to reclaim land and develop production in areas suitable for the development of agriculture in grassland areas.In order to protect agricultural production and prevent intentional or unintentional destruction by the Khitan people who did not have heavy agricultural habits, Liao Jingzong ordered his followers not to trample crops at will, and also ordered the troops to avoid farmland when marching.

The development of agriculture has greatly promoted the development of various economies in Liao and also enhanced Liao's national strength.While developing agriculture, Liao Jingzong also continued Abaoji's practice and recruited as many talents as possible, especially Han people.After acquiring the sixteen states, a group of Han intellectuals were selected to manage the affairs of the states, and there were many capable talents among them.Liao Jingzong also followed the practice of Han emperors and asked his subordinates to recommend talented and virtuous people to serve as officials.Later, an edict was issued to recruit talented people. If they really stood out during the assessment, they could immediately take up high-level positions.He also tried his best to absorb some of the etiquette of the Han people. For example, he abolished the old Khitan folk custom of sister's death and sister's succession in the marriage system.The Khitan people who were ordered to serve as Han officials followed Han customs and could freely marry Han people, thus promoting exchanges and further integration between the ethnic groups, and fundamentally closing the relationship between the Khitan and Han people.

Even so, the habits of the Khitan people cannot be fundamentally changed, especially when the Liao army went south to fight in the Central Plains. Since the Liao army did not have logistics supplies, the food and grass had to be settled on the spot by themselves. It is inevitable to harass the people and rob food and grass, which caused the Liao army to encounter strong resistance from the Han people.With the loss of popular support, Liao's rule in the Central Plains would be difficult to continue. It was not until his death that Emperor Taizong of Liao came to his senses. Time to change long-term national habits.Khitan, as a backward nomadic people, ruled the Han area, so it must be Sinicized. Liao Jingzong probably realized this before his death, but he has no chance to implement the lessons he summed up in practice.

In February 979, Song Taizong personally led the army to crusade against the Northern Han Dynasty, and Liao Jingzong also sent troops to rescue. As a result, when the Liao army crossed the river, the Song army defeated the Liao army and killed five Liao generals.In June, the Northern Han Dynasty was destroyed by the Song Dynasty.

The Northern Song Dynasty's war against the Northern Han Dynasty was triggered by the Northern Song Dynasty's attack on the Northern Han Dynasty.At this time, Liao Jingzong was undergoing internal reforms, adopted a defensive strategy against the Song Dynasty, and ordered the Northern Han Dynasty not to cause trouble at will, and maintain the status quo on the border.

In 969, when Jing Zong first came to the throne, Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin once personally conquered Taiyuan and wanted to destroy the Northern Han Dynasty, but was defeated by Liao's reinforcements. Afterwards, he negotiated peace with Liao and devoted his energy to the south. Destroy the Northern Han Dynasty.In September of 976, Song Taizu sent Pan Mei and other generals to attack Taiyuan, the capital of the Northern Han Dynasty, but was defeated by the resistance of the Northern Han and Liao. In November, Song Taizu died of illness and his younger brother Zhao Guangyi came to the throne. This is Song Taizong .

In the fourth year of Taiping Xingguo (979), Song Taizong underestimated the power of the Liao Dynasty as soon as he won the victory over the Northern Han Dynasty. He wanted to take back the Yanyun area in one go, but started the war hastily and was not prepared enough, which ended in a disastrous defeat. .

As soon as the Northern Han Dynasty was wiped out, Song Taizong transferred his army to the Hebei area, preparing to attack Nanjing (now Beijing) in the Liao Dynasty.The generals under his command said that the war had just ended, and there should be a time to rest and prepare, and food and grass were also scarce, making it difficult to support a long-term battle. However, Song Taizong felt that Liao had just suffered a defeat and morale was low, so he should pursue the victory and expand the results of the battle.

At the beginning of the war, the governor of Yizhou Xiancheng surrendered, marched to Zhuozhou, and accepted the surrender without bloodshed, and the Song army pointed straight to the capital.Yelu Xidi, the Liao general guarding Nanjing, fought against the Song army at Shahe for the first time. He was defeated by the Song army and retreated to the north of Qinghe River.The Song army surrounded Nanjing, but the Liao army could not hold out, waiting for reinforcements.

Seeing that the situation was urgent, Jingzong sent the famous general Yeluxiu to lead a heavy army to rescue him.Brother Yeluxiu divided his army into two groups, with only 5000 people along the way. He pretended to be the main force and went to the city of Nanjing to lure the Song army to fight.The [-] main cavalry detoured south at night and arrived behind the Song army. Under the order, the [-] elites stormed the Song army with a sweeping force.The two sides fought fiercely along the Gaoliang River in the southwest of Beijing.Brother Yeluxiu himself was injured and pursued in a light vehicle. He ordered the vanguard cavalry of the Liao Army to hold torches in both hands and pursue them in the starry night.Song Jun saw the torches flickering in the four fields, thinking that the main force of the Liao army had arrived, and kept running away in a hurry.As a result, the Song army, which was under the enemy's back, was defeated and retreated. Song Taizong was shot in the knee by an arrow and fled alone. When he arrived in Zhuozhou (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei), he was escorted by Yang Ye, and only then did he get a donkey cart to transport grain and grass to escape the siege.

Although the Liao army won the battle of Gaoliang River, in order to avenge the Northern Song Dynasty's siege of Nanjing, Jingzong sent troops to attack the Northern Song Dynasty in September shortly after the Gaoliang River War ended.In October, the armies of the two countries faced each other in Mancheng (now Mancheng, Hebei).

Before the decisive battle, the Song army made a false surrender. Han Kuangsi believed it was true and wanted to accept the surrender. Brother Yeluxiu, who accompanied him, hurriedly dissuaded him: "The Song army is well-groomed and full of vigor. This is definitely not willing to surrender. This is a lure by false surrender." We fell for it. We should sit tight and wait and see."

Han Kuangsi refused to listen and prepared to surrender. He relaxed his vigilance, but was successfully surprised by the Song army. The two formations jointly attacked the Liao army. Han Kuangsi hurriedly responded, but was unable to resist the Song army's offensive. The soldiers also dropped their weapons and fled for their lives.When the Song army pursued the victory, they encountered strong resistance from Brother Yelvxiu and had to retreat. Only then did the Liao army avoid annihilation.

In the second year of the decisive battle in Mancheng, that is, in March 980, the Liao army began to fight the Song army again.The Liao army besieged Yanmen (today's Yanmen Pass in Shanxi Province) with [-] troops. Yang Ye, the governor of Daizhou in the Song Dynasty, led his troops to defeat the Liao army in the north of Yanmen.

In October, Liao Jingzong went to Nanjing in person to lead the army to attack the Song Dynasty.First, they besieged Waqiao Pass (now the old Nanguan Pass in Xiong County, Hebei Province). When the Song Army rescued them, they were defeated by Brother Yeluxiu, who had been prepared for a long time.The Song army, led by the guard Zhang Shi, wanted to break out of the siege.Liao Jingzong personally supervised the battle, and Yeluxiu also personally commanded the battle. In the end, Zhang Shi died in the battle, and the Song army was defeated and returned to the city.

The Song Army confronted the Liao Army across the river again, while Yeluxiu led his elite cavalry across the river and fought a decisive battle with the Song Army. The Song Army was defeated and retreated. The Song army fought another decisive battle, and the Song army suffered a lot of losses, and several generals were also captured.The Liao army also suffered heavy losses and was unable to win, so they had to retreat.

Brother Yeluxiu was promoted to Yuyue of the Liao Dynasty because of his military exploits in the Battle of Waqiaoguan.

Two years after the decisive battle at Waqiao Pass, in April and May of 982, Liao Jingzong once again personally led troops to attack the Song Dynasty.This is the second battle of the city.In the end, he was defeated by Song general Cui Yanjin and had to retreat.This is the last battle between Liao Jingzong and Song Dynasty.

The evaluation of Tuotuo and others in the official revision history of the Yuan Dynasty "Liao History" is: "For more than [-] years in the Liao Dynasty, there was no time to give it to God's book and Huitong; Tianlu and Yingli's monarch did not order him to die; Come, everyone hopes to govern. With Jingzong's capital, no matter what people do not doubt, rewards will be punished, if you can do something. And exhaust the power of the country to help Hedong, destroy the army and kill the generals, and perish without salvation. Although one is compensated In the Song Dynasty, gains outweigh losses. Knowing Kuang Si’s crimes, counting them without punishing them; being kind to Guo Xi’s remonstrances, accepting them but not using them; Shamen Zhaomin favored the servants because of leftist morality. Isn’t it also confusing? [
Great-grandfather: Liao Taizu Yelu Abaoji

Great-grandmother: Queen Shuluping of Qinchun

Grandfather: Yelvbei, Emperor Yizong of Liao Dynasty

Grandmother: Empress Rouzhen Xiao

Father: Yelu Ruan, Emperor Shizong of Liao Dynasty

Mother: Queen Huaijie Xiao

Empress Chengtian Xiao Chuo
Concubine of Bohai

Hu Nian, the imperial concubine of his son Shengzong of Liao, is yet to be determined as to whether he is a concubine. She may be the consort of Taiping King Yelvyu, the younger brother of Liao Muzong.

The first son, Liao Shengzong Yelu Longxu
The second son, Yelu Longqing, King of Liang, Yelu Longqing's daughter Princess Chen, discovered the tomb of Princess Chen in Inner Mongolia in 1986, which provided rich material materials for in-depth research on the history, culture and living customs of Khitan society.

The third son, King Yelu Longyou of Chu
The fourth son, Yelu Zhengge, died early in August, which was not recorded in "History of Liao Dynasty", but can be seen in "Continued Zizhi Tongjian Changbian" in Song Dynasty.However, Yelu Pharmacist Nu, the fourth son of Jingzong recorded in "History of Liao Dynasty", also died young, but his biological mother is unknown.

Yelu Pharmacist Nu, also known as Yelu Hanba, died young and was buried in the Prince's Courtyard. It is said that he was Brother Yelu Zheng recorded in historical records of the Song Dynasty.

The first daughter, Yelv Avalokitesvara, was named "Avalokitesvara" in "Liao History", and was also called "Brother Yan". She was named the princess of Qi State and married Xiao Jixian, Xiao Chuo's cousin.

The second daughter, Yelu Changshounv, was named "Longevity Girl" in "Liao History", and was also called "Longevity Slave".

The third daughter, Yelu Yanshounv, is named "Liaoshounv" in "Liao History", and is also called "Longshounv".

The fourth daughter, brother Yelushu, mother Bohai concubine.For some reason, without the title of princess, in the second year of Qianheng (980), she married Lu Jun who belonged to the Northern Han Dynasty.In June of the first year of Tonghe (983), brother Yelushu and his son-in-law Duwei Lu Jun were at odds, so they asked for a divorce. In October, they remarried to Xiao Shennu.

1. Research on the tomb of Empress Dowager Xiao in Liao Qianling Mausoleum.Sina [cited date 2015-10-28]
2. Emperor Liao Jingzong of the Liao Kingdom passed away.A compilation of Chinese history [quote date 2015-10-28]
3. Volume [-] and Volume [-] of "History of Liao Dynasty", the eighth and ninth of this period: Jing Zong Xiaocheng Emperor Kangjing, taboo virtuous, word Xianning, small character Ming 扆.The second son of Emperor Sejong, his mother was named Empress Huaijie Xiao.

4. Volume 19 and Volume [-] of "History of Liao Dynasty" The eighth and ninth chapters of this chapter: In the spring of the [-]th year of the lunar calendar, Wuchen, February, came to see, Mu Zong said: "My son is an adult, and can be paid for politics." Jisi, Mu Zongyu After killing him, the emperor led the flying dragon maid Li, the servant Xiao Siwen, and the privy envoy of the South Academy Gao Xun to lead thousands of armored cavalry.At dawn, when I arrive, I cry in mourning.The ministers persuaded him to go forward, and the emperor sat in front of the coffin.

5. Volume [-] and Volume [-] of "History of Liao Dynasty" The eighth and ninth chapters of the Ji Ji: Jiayin in the first month of the spring of the third year, You Yili Bi Xidi sent people to sacrifice the enemy's martyrs, and issued an imperial edict to the meritorious soldiers.Gengshen, set up Dengwen Drum Academy.

6. History of the Liao Dynasty·Jing Zongji: In September of the fourth year of Qianheng, Gengzi came to Yunzhou.In Jiachen, hunting in Xianggu Mountain, the emperor did not hesitate.Renzi, Cijiao Mountain collapsed in Xingzai.He was 35 years old and had been in office for 13 years.The imperial edict was issued to King Longxu of Liang to ascend the throne, and all military and state affairs were subject to the Queen's orders.In the first month of the first year of Tonghe, Renxu, the emperor was given the posthumous title Xiaocheng Emperor, and his temple name was Jingzong.In the 21st year of Chongxi reign, he was given the posthumous title Xiaocheng and became Emperor Kangjing.

7. Li Guizhi.A Brief History of Liao and Jin Dynasties.Fujian: Fujian University Press,

8. Volume Nine and Book Nine.Guoxue.com [cited date]
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