Black technology starts from the steel suit

Chapter 213 213 Why the Nucleon Separated (Tomorrow Change)

I danced with the two beauties and felt the charm of the German dragoons. As for the note they handed over, Wang Feng naturally did not accept it.After all, my own land is right next to it, so what's the point of always thinking about plowing other people's fields?
After attending the ball, Wang Feng and Jin Lili slept in the hotel arranged by others for one night, and then left.They just came here to receive an award.

Besides, Wang Feng still has his own work to do. He not only has to preside over the work of the Lithium Battery Research Institute, but also urges the construction party to sort out his piece of land in Luzhou as soon as possible, and then start building experiments. room.

With the strong financial support of Huaneng Battery, that area changed almost every day. The foundation and the buildings on the foundation were built almost at a speed that can be seen with the naked eye.

However, considering that it will take a long time there, and even if it is built, it cannot be put into use immediately, so Wang Feng chose to vacate a laboratory at the Lithium Battery Research Institute.Simply his laboratory is built according to the highest standards.During the time when the instrument was in place, he kept thinking about such a question:
Why do nucleons gather together and why do they separate?
This is a very interesting topic.

There is more than one reason for whether they are gathered together or separated: that is to tend to stability.

Several lighter nuclides will gather together, which is called fusion; several heavier nuclides will be easily split, which is called fission.

All nuclei have binding energy, also known as binding energy.This energy is a negative number, indicating that a nucleus needs this much energy to escape from the nucleus.

The purpose of nuclear fusion and fission is to reduce its own energy reserves, because low energy levels are more stable than high energy levels.Generally speaking, the binding energy/N of the elements before iron is also called the specific binding energy. This thing increases with the increase of the number of protons, while the elements after iron decrease with the increase of the number of protons.

Since this energy is a negative number, high binding energy means a lower energy level, so the elements before the iron will fuse to reduce their own energy, and the elements after the iron will undergo fission.

In addition to fission, there is another way to react, and that is decay.

What is decay?
The atomic nucleus of a radioactive element spontaneously emits particles and turns into another atomic nucleus. This method is called decay.Decay is also accompanied by the generation and transfer of energy, which is how radioisotope batteries work.

Of course, the energy release method of decay is generally based on internal energy, that is to say, heat energy is converted into electrical energy. In this process, semiconductor components are generally used to achieve this conversion.

Decay Decay can be divided into alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay according to the emitted particles. Gamma decay is always accompanied by alpha decay or beta decay.

The safest one is alpha decay. This kind of decay will only release an alpha particle, that is, it will release a helium nucleus and a certain amount of energy.

The penetration of alpha particles is almost negligible, as long as it is not eaten directly... This statement seems to be a bit problematic, after all, no one will eat some radioactive elements without any problems.

Basically, only this little air, or a few sheets of A4 paper, is needed to isolate the alpha rays.

In addition to alpha decay, there is also beta decay, which is the transformation that occurs when the nucleus spontaneously emits a beta particle or captures an orbiting electron. β particles (high-speed electrons) can be divided into positive and negative electrons. Those that emit positrons are called β+ decay, and those that emit negative electrons are called β-decay.

This kind of decay that emits electrons is also very easy to isolate, because the penetrating ability of electrons is not strong, and only a piece of aluminum foil is needed, of course, tin foil is also fine.

These two decay methods are the first choice for manufacturing and batteries, because when it comes to nuclear energy, people are most worried about radioactivity.How to effectively shield radiation has always been one of the key issues in our research.

Compared with these two decays, the gamma rays released by gamma decay are too difficult to shield.The reason why Dr. Banner became the Hulk was because of this thing.Of course, this is only shown in the movie. The real situation is that if human beings are exposed to gamma rays, they will suffer irreversible damage.

And this thing is very difficult to shield, just like the high-energy neutrons produced by neutron bombs.It takes almost 30cm thick lead shielding layer to shield it, which is very, very scary.

So Wang Feng basically didn't think about it.

Just looking at the small plutonium 238 that continuously emits alpha rays, and the strontium 90 that continuously emits electrons, first of all, if their battery life is not considered, they are basically not too big in terms of power. One can reach more than 300 megawatts, and the other is about 500 megawatts, which is still thermal power.

Judging from their existing technical indicators, this thing is not as good as lithium batteries of the same quality.

So is there any way to speed up the process?

Moreover, the price of these artificial radioactive elements is relatively expensive. Is there any way to bridge the gap between electric energy and nuclear energy and make it a reusable material?

Or is it possible for us to design a more suitable artificial radioactive element and use it to replace those substances that are difficult to obtain, or that are very toxic and dangerous?

If you want to use nuclear energy as a conventional energy source, these three problems are unavoidable and must be resolved.In this regard, although the electroweak unified theory has solved many problems, there are still more problems waiting to be solved.

The weak interaction of particles within the nucleus leads to the instability of the nucleus and also controls the decay or radioactivity of the nucleus, known as beta decay.

In 1933, the β-decay theory established by Fermi extended the interaction between particles to the weak interaction, thus opening up the study of weak interaction.At the time, Fermi's theory of weak interactions was very successful at low energies, but not fully applicable at high energies.

Speaking of the unified theory of weak electricity and our Chinese scientists are still very destined, in 1954 Yang Zhenning and Mills jointly proposed the Yang Mills theory, which extended the local gauge symmetry of the electromagnetic field to non-Abelian groups.

Young's theory is a gauge theory based on the SU(N) group, or more generally, a compact, semi-simple Lie group.Yang-Mills theory aims to describe the behavior of elementary particles using these non-Abelian Lie groups and the unified core of electromagnetic and weak forces (i.e., U(1)×SU(2)) as well as the strong force of quantum chromodynamic theory (based on SU (3)).Thus forming the basis of our understanding of the Standard Model of particle physics.

Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning encountered difficulties in analyzing the decay of the lightest singular particle, and proposed a hypothesis that parity (P) might not be conserved under weak interactions.This hypothesis was confirmed by the experiment of Wu Jianxiong et al. and other experiments in 1957.

These experiments also confirmed that the charge conjugation parity is not conserved under the weak interaction.This finding prompted attention to some commonalities between the weak and electromagnetic interactions, leading to further consideration of the unity between the two.

Glashaw, an American scientist, was the first to get involved in the research work on the unification of weak interaction force and electromagnetic force.It should be known that if the interaction force is only one-thousandth of the strength of the electromagnetic force, they are two completely different natural forces, which is a matter of common sense.

But the ultimate goal of science is to break common sense. Although these two interactions seem to have no similarities, if you analyze them from a mathematical point of view, you can find that they have nothing in common in certain aspects. of.

This angle is the gauge field, and the Yang-Mills equation.In this way, they built a bridge between the weak force and the electromagnetic force.

But what Glashow cannot explain is: the effect of the weak force is very small, but the particle that transmits the weak force is very heavy, and its mass is about dozens to hundreds of times the mass of the proton.Why does the "transmitter" have such a huge mass?
Another problem may need to be mentioned here. The four interactions are not created out of thin air. They need their own transfer examples to play a role.

In quantum field theory, there are transfer particles for each interaction. For example, the transfer particles of strong force are gluons, the transfer particles of weak force are w boson and z boson, and the transfer particles of gravitation are gravitons (gravity have not yet been confirmed), and the transmitting particle of the electromagnetic force is the photon.

The American scientist Weinberg also encountered the same problem when he was studying the unification of natural forces. He noticed the discussion in a paper by the British physicist Heggs: using some properties of the vacuum can make the gauge without mass The field gains quality.

Weinberg was greatly inspired and used this idea to successfully unify the weak force and electromagnetic force in 1967.

The problem, however, was that his theory was very limited and could not satisfy Glashow.So she generalized this concept, and then extended the connection between the electromagnetic force and the weak force to all elementary particles.

The existence of weak neutral currents is predicted in the unified theory of weak electricity, that is, there is no charge exchange between the incident particles and outgoing particles during the reaction process, but the phenomenon of weak neutral currents was not observed experimentally at that time. In 1973, Fermilab and CERN discovered weak neutral currents successively in experiments, and the unified theory of weak electricity attracted attention.

The unified theory of weak electricity holds that the interaction force and the electromagnetic force are actually the same force, but due to a certain reason, they show completely different properties.

In order to prove this theory, people need to search for the weakly interacting propagators W± and Z0 in the experiment just as they did when they searched for the God particle—the Higgs particle.

This requires that the collided particles must have high enough energy so that it is possible to produce heavy-mass particles W± and Z0; the number of collisions must be large enough to have the opportunity to observe extremely rare special situations.

Of course, it is also required that our observation methods must be as advanced as possible, and the analysis methods should be as perfect as possible, so as not to miss this phenomenon.

Rubbia proposed the largest proton synchrotron (SPS) at CERN as a storage ring for protons and antiprotons.The proton and antiproton beams move circularly in opposite directions in the storage ring, and then collide with each other at specific locations.

There are two collision points arranged on the periphery of the SPS storage ring, and a huge detection system is installed around the collision point, which can record the information of the particles generated by the collision, so as to search for the weakly acting propagators W± and Z0 (also known as the intermediate glass dice) experiments.

Van der Meer proposed a random cooling method, which can "cool" the particle beam to increase the beam current density, thereby increasing the brightness of the collider, making it possible to discover W± and Z0 particles experimentally.

On January 1983-1, 20, two experimental groups working on the proton-antiproton collider of CERN respectively announced that they had discovered (W±) whose characteristics were exactly in line with those expected by the unified theory of the weak electroweak.

由于产生Z0的机会要比产生W±的机会小10倍，在花费4个月时间后想办法将加速器束流的亮度提高了10倍。1983年5月4日，鲁比亚的实验组终于找到了Z0的第一个事例。W±和Z°粒子的发现及其性质最终确定了弱电统一理论的正确性，对揭示弱作用本质有重大意义。

The unified theory of electroweak has realized the partial unification of the four existing basic interactions.Although the unified theory of weak electricity is still far away from the unified field theory including the gravitational field envisaged by Einstein, it has finally made human beings take another big step forward in the journey of revealing the mysteries of nature.

If he wants to enter the field of physics, a grand unified theory will undoubtedly be one of his dreams, but talking about that now is still a bit too far away. He currently needs to find a way to use the electroweak unified theory to complete his dream. Imagine.

Of course, considering that we are currently weak in the field of basic science, he will inevitably have to deal with European Atomic Energy in the future, and may often go to France and Switzerland in the future.

If he is more optimistic, maybe he can build an accelerator by himself, but with his current financial resources, this can only be imagined in his dreams. A project of this level is very difficult for a company with his financial resources. Finish.Support at the national level is required.

Of course, that's all for later, as far as his current research is concerned, he still doesn't need those.He is still mainly at the theoretical stage now, how to design a model, within the framework of this model, through the connection between the electromagnetic force and the weak interaction force, electric energy is stored in the form of nuclear energy in radioactive substances.

When it needs to be used, the nuclear energy is released through a suitable device and converted into electrical energy in the form of magnetic force.

Of course, this may involve the use of electromagnetic force to accelerate the model of change. He has no idea about this part. Maybe he needs some inspiration. It would be better if those experiments can be restarted.

(End of this chapter)