From Chief to Ball

Chapter 13 Science is advancing secretly ([-])

The two invisible meridians are the dividing lines between two dynamic social organizations with the capital to do things overseas.

Behind these two lines is a large-scale capital group that has formed and least wishes to split or become independent along the coast.At this time, the Republic is the best host of capital. The interests of industrial capital and commercial capital are the same, and they are being forced to expand abroad by the pursuit of profit.

Such things as splitting and independence are the last thing they want to see for capital groups like Nanyang Company, and they also don't want to see things like factory owners and workshop owners.Anyway, there are middle class and bottom class like tax balance. They don't need to bear more obligations, but they need a huge and unified domestic market.On the contrary, middle-level liberalism such as petty citizens has spread a little bit. A small number of people think that going out independently can lead a good life, but big capital's pursuit of the market, raw materials, cheap labor, and cheap cannon fodder that is easier to publicize will make this Be careful with crushing.

Colonies also need a large amount of force investment to ensure profits, and there are tariffs and threats of force in the external market, so there is no way to conduct reasonable and legal regional dumping in the country.

A lot of what Chen Jian has to do in China is to wipe the ass of this group of people.Find a place to vent the grievances of the petty bourgeois and peasants. Whether it is immigration, advocating political change, or striving for the dominance of public opinion and propaganda, a large part of it is to buy time for capital, otherwise it is likely to be used by those in the old era. The family in power took advantage of the dissatisfaction of these people to form a new plutocratic group and fanatical lower-level groups that are rapidly turning to the right. It will take a while longer for capital, the tumor of the old era, to penetrate into every flesh and blood of the country and cannot be removed.

This group of people from the Nanyang Company caught up with a good time and took advantage of the contradictions in Europe to win three legal trading ships to the Spanish colonies. They only relied on the deterrence of their huge stature and the ability to be a shit-stirring stick without spending a lot of money. Penny and a soldier.

The Dutch have shed blood for 50 years, but what they got in return was a truce that could not trade with the Spanish colonies and the native land, not an armistice and formal independence.The British sweated in fear in front of the Armada, in exchange for being completely abandoned by the Netherlands after finding a new ally on the issue of Asian spices.Spain was forced into bankruptcy by the Dutch and had no choice but to make peace. In return, Chen Jian seized the opportunity to intervene in three legal trading ships in the name of non-interference, non-loan, non-alliance with the Netherlands, and joint combat against pirates.

The perfect starting line has been drawn for Nanyang Company, and the rest will be done by the capital group itself.

Withdrawing shares means completely breaking off the relationship with this group of people, changing from the original interest alliance to a short-term political alliance independent of each other.

Compared with this commercial capital that has already escaped, Chen Jian understands that the energy for the next ten years will be spent on industry, technology and development of education.

After dealing with the withdrawal of shares, Chen Jian is going to visit the Institute of Science and Practical Technology and Lanxiang Technical School, which have invested part of their annual income six or seven years ago, before heading to the capital.

Normally, this is an era when craftsmen are superior to theoretical scientists, but this situation was forcibly reversed by Chen Jian, and a large number of young people with elementary-level theoretical knowledge were trained on the basis of systematic simple mechanics and chemistry. People have grown up after seven years.

The original disorderly and accidental technical progress of artisans has also been nurtured by the patent protection methods guaranteed by a large amount of money and capital. Mincheng and Nan'an have many highly skilled artisans with excessive salaries and Chen The high price of the patent monopoly jointly endorsed by Jian's capital, the party organization and the capital group, and those young people who have passed the elementary level of theoretical knowledge form a research and development group.

Normal technological progress is that capital is in demand, an invention is profitable, craftsmen try it, invent it, improve it, and capital is put to use.

This is a long cycle and an unforeseen normal development pattern.

But the Practical Technology Research Institute in Min County is completely different.Chen Jian puts forward a "idea" or improvement direction with money, prepares in advance by estimating the demand for capital, invests a lot of money to complete research and development by craftsmen, and spends money on people with a definite direction.

This is a method that cannot be replicated elsewhere, and it is also a method that cannot be replicated by others, but this "planned" research direction is the best choice for Chen Jian, far better than the disorderly "free" development.

Since he got the first pot of gold, he has been investing in this area, mainly five things.

Precise balances, the realization of the glass steam engine model displayed in the academy, marine clocks, new pump-type non-bellows blowers, controllable mobile pedal or hydraulic boring machines.

These five things that are extremely costly and labor-intensive, have sufficient financial guarantees every year, and foreign enemy craftsmen who have passed the craftsman certification continue to come here to join in the research and development of these five things.

In addition to these, there are a lot of various projects. The most important advice he gave before going overseas is not to cut off the money in this area, and to continue to invest in various improvements.

He doesn't know how these projects are going, but he believes that the progress will not be too slow.The relationship between artisans and science requires someone to summarize it, and someone needs to use science to turn it into technology. The primary mechanics of the system make all these combinations faster.

Before going there, Chen Jian first read the scientific articles published in the past few years. These things were collected and organized by a special person, and it can be said that no troubles were left behind.

In the past few years when he went to sea, a lot of things happened in the academic world, and a series of debates was inevitable, and the acceleration of research based on those basic theories can also be clearly felt.

After reading through these books and pamphlets, Chen Jian was convinced that two major events had occurred in the scientific circle.

Before going out to sea, Chen Jian conducted an experiment of a small ball sliding down an inclined plane in the academy. After seven or eight days of lectures, he defined the philosophical concept of mass, calculated the centripetal force of circular motion, and conjectured the theorem of universal gravitation.

Up to now, all the things defined by the basics have begun to exert force, and are constantly improving within these basic definitions.

But Chen Jian just started a lot of things, dug a big hole and fell in many people, patted their buttocks and went out to sea.Those who fell into the pit didn't think it was bitter, on the contrary, they were arguing about the irritable problems in the pit.

The measurement of the acceleration of gravity is a large pit dug by Chen Jian. Around this large pit, people are roughly divided into two factions.

One school may be called the slope measurement school, and the other school is called the basic inversion school.

The people of the slope measurement school continued Chen Jian's original experiment, and continued to create smoother slopes, smoother balls, more perfect spheres, more accurate timing devices, and more repeatable experiments.

They are convinced that as long as the slope is smooth enough, as long as the sphere is perfect enough, and as long as the timing device is accurate enough, a more accurate acceleration of gravity can be calculated by using trigonometric functions after repeated experiments.

The other group of people thinks that the slope cannot be smooth anyway, and it is impossible to make a perfect sphere now, so the error of this measurement method is too large, and other methods can be used.

For example, the pendulum, people have already discovered the isochronism of the pendulum through the eyes, just like discovering that the object is falling from the sky faster and faster, relying on the summary of the eyes and giving such a theorem, but why? Waiting and no one knows.

However, with the introduction of mechanics concepts, acceleration, centripetal force and other issues, the pendulum has become a sharp weapon for the basic reversers.

According to the relationship between force, acceleration and centripetal force, using the original calculus method that Chen Jian used to calculate centripetal force in the academy, he deduced the relationship between the periodic formula of the pendulum and gravity. Smaller, the result of this measurement is more accurate.

What the basic reversers need is a theoretical foundation, but they have to say that their choice is correct, because all the required theoretical foundations have already appeared.The calculation of pi has been completed long ago, and the trigonometric cold and heat table with units of tenths has also appeared long ago, and the earliest people who came back from Europe also brought back the most basic things that were summarized into formulas, such as the comparison version to be corrected, and the mechanical acceleration.

After deriving the period formula of the pendulum by using basic mechanics, you only need to determine the length of the pendulum, use the existing timer to calculate the swing time of the pendulum, and then insert it into the formula to calculate the magnitude of gravity.

The internal logic is impeccable, and the external operation must be less than the friction of the inclined plane. In order to be as accurate as possible, the sealed glass cover can be used to fill carbon dioxide and absorb caustic soda. Theoretically, even the resistance of the air is eliminated as much as possible. Under the premise of the same level of installation, the latter is undoubtedly more accurate.

In the early stage, the slope measurement faction firmly held the advantage.

However, when the simple pendulum formula was deduced by another school, the whole form changed greatly. A formula and experiment that cleverly used mathematics, chemistry and basic mechanics defeated the traditional single-subject experimental school and proved that Knowing that internal logic can overcome experience through deduction.

Chen Jian converted the result they got according to the formula he was familiar with, and he had to admit that the result was very close to the correct answer, around [-], so it can be said that this figure can be applied.

This classic story does not end here. In order to repay the theory proposed by Chen Jian, the winning faction conducted another experiment that caused a sensation throughout the country according to logical deduction.

They proposed that since the earth rotates, the equator of the earth should be longer than the two meridians.Similarly, according to the relationship between gravitation, it is inversely proportional to the square of the radius.At the same time, because of the centrifugal force brought by the rotation of the earth, the resultant force of gravity will become smaller.

So according to this inference, if the same pendulum length is measured in the southern mountainous area, the pendulum will be slower.And in the valley depressions in the north, the pendulum will be fast.

This is a major event to help Chen Jian's theory verification. Even though Chen Jian was at sea at the time, these people still got enough financial support to complete this experiment.

Chapter 14 Science is advancing secretly ([-])

One year later, the results of the experiment came out. Just like the deduction of the basic anti-inference school, the pendulum in the southern mountainous area swings for many days less than the pendulum clock in the northern canyon depression with the same length and conditions. Seventy fewer swings.

In fact, this is not a perfect experiment, because there are two variables in this experiment instead of a single variable.The distance from the center of the earth and the centrifugal force of rotation.

Some people did criticize, but in the amazement of everyone, this obviously unforgivable error of the experiment became a trivial matter-in fact, this experiment could not prove that all the conclusions they wanted existed, it could only prove that they wanted The conclusions obtained exist, but it is not clear which one or all.

But even this experiment with a major mistake has confirmed the correctness of the basic theories mentioned by Chen Jian: even if the errors in the two variables of the experiment are picked out, it cannot be denied that the basis of these two variables is Chen Jian. The system proposed by Jian.Either the relationship between distance and gravitation; or the balance between centrifugal force and action and reaction force.It's just a mistake within the system, not a loophole that overturns the logic of the system.

This three-year debate and experiment not only brought a sensation, but also brought many citizens to watch the excitement, brought a lot of secret gambling, brought more accurate gravity acceleration value, and brought A revolution in chronographs.

Since the pendulum has isochronism, since there is a formula for the swing period of the pendulum, and since the cycle time of the pendulum is an unchangeable mathematical time, the clock based on the simple pendulum as the new timing device has become the research of various watchmakers and craftsmen. In this direction, more craftsmen came to Mincheng with new ideas and participated in the "Precise Watchmaking Project" that was said to have [-] silver coins plus oil workshop stocks for success.

Chen Jian believes that this matter is one of the two most important events in the scientific circle during the few years he went to sea.

It is not a simple pendulum cycle formula that he can copy, or a very close value of the acceleration of gravity, or a pendulum clock.

It is a whole set of confrontation between logical deduction and traditional observation experience, declaring that physics has left the observational stage and entered the reasoning stage, tried an incomplete but confident experiment to verify the falsification, recognized that mathematics has entered other disciplines and Become an essential tool...and a big reminder to those who study mathematics: if you don't sum up things like differential and integral, you will not be able to keep up with the needs of the times.

The important thing is not the copied formula, but a way of thinking that can advance on its own, and this sensational experiment convinced Chen Jian that he started talking dryly from the quality of philosophical definitions in the academic palace instead of directly copying It is correct for the formula to pretend to be a magic stick, and it has already begun to give him feedback.

As for the second extremely important matter in his opinion, it may be even more important and complicated than this one, but for the time being, the sensation is far less than that of the pendulum event.

Just like the story of five loaves and two fish that he heard a few days ago, the so-called ignorant is fearless, and those who just know a little tend to be blindly confident, the more they know, the more they will discover the magnificence of nature...