From Chief to Ball

In addition to the significance of this open new system, these pamphlets can also be regarded as a kind of teaching material for future university gentlemen of Nanyang Public School.

For this reason, in the first issue of the journal "Nature and Science", Chen Jian defined the positive and negative yin and yang of electricity and the positive and negative yin and yang of magnetism, and at the same time published the basis of simple electromagnetism.

The left-hand rule, the right-hand spiral rule, electromagnetic transformation, etc. were put forward for the first time in the form of official publications. In order to make those attracted "university gentlemen" feel curious and try, Chen Jian also proposed the most Simple, model tests of DC motors.

A stack battery, a coil of copper wire wrapped in wood paint, an iron bracket that couldn't be simpler, and a magnet.

One end of the copper wire coil is exposed to the iron support connected to the electrode, and the other end is half-insulated and half uninsulated by scraping off half of the wood paint.

When the DC coil turns up, a commutator is originally needed.But because the copper wire on the half side scrapes off the paint skin of the half circle, it can continue to rotate without producing a reverse force when the inertial coil is turned to the non-energized half, until the non-insulated half touches the iron support again.

This is equivalent to relying on electromagnetic power for the first half turn of the rotation, and inertia for the second half turn.So there is no need for a commutator or a commutation brush, and the simplest DC motor model can be made in 5 minutes.

This is enough for those potential gentlemen of Nanyang Public School to spend a year and a half of curiosity and thought to study these things and master the three rules.

In addition to the three new rules, the movement of half-cycle force and half-cycle inertia can also obviously make people think about mechanics, inertia, and force changing the state of objects, etc., which have been proposed several years ago and need to be continued Human review and intuitive understanding of the content.

By the way, this is also a kind of declaration, officially declaring that the academic center has moved to the south, and the Nanyang Public School, which is still under preparation, has the potential and foundation in natural science that is not inferior to the northern school.

Chapter 80 Nanyang Public School and its first issue

It is not only the inaugural issue as a political declaration, but also to find something to do for the top scientists of those times. Naturally, it is impossible to have only such a blockbuster.

It is very suitable to use basic electromagnetism as the first article of "Nature and Science", which is interesting and simple, suitable for more people to participate and attract many young people.

Just to set the tone, Chen Jian's second article is a bit complicated, and it also finds something for more people to do.

The second article, based on the gravity and the acceleration of gravity estimated by the pendulum method, made a complicated deduction, and found a place for those astronomers and mathematicians to bury their heads in the world for ten years. Falsification is distinguished from scientific "prophecy" and theological "prophecy".

"We can know that the acceleration of gravity has been measured by the pendulum method. Also assuming that the earth is a pure circle, then it is feasible to estimate the hemisphere of the earth based on latitude and sun shadow, and this has been calculated by the previous school. "

"Then if we assume that the earth is a real sphere, and we know the radius, then we can know the mysterious, hidden, and difficult-to-measure gravitational constant multiplied by the mass of the earth and then divided by the square of the earth's radius, that is, we use the pendulum method The approximate value of the acceleration of gravity measured."

"What is the mass of the earth? Obviously, this is not what we can know now. What is the hidden, difficult-to-measure gravitational constant? Obviously, it is not what we can know now. However, we can use this method to deduce a constant , which is the product value of the mass of the earth multiplied by this hidden constant.”

"Now, there's an interesting value."

"We calculate it based on the theorem that has been questioned by many people and has led to the basis of the entire gravitational system-that is, the cube of the semi-major axis of the planet's elliptical orbit divided by the quadratic power of the orbital period is a constant."

"Then, if we can artificially create a 'small moon', so that this small moon can always be suspended above our heads, with the same rotation period as the earth. Then the cube of the semi-major axis of this 'small moon' divided by the earth The second power of the period of rotation; equal to the third power of the semi-major axis of the moon's orbit around the Earth divided by the second power of a standard astronomical month."

"Obviously, we can roughly accurately calculate the time of day, which can be verified with European and Asian astronomy."

"It is also obvious that we can roughly accurately calculate the time of an astronomical month, which can also be verified with European and Asian astronomy."

"Then, according to the centrifugal force to offset the gravitational force, this virtual 'little moon' can rotate around the earth synchronously, and bring in the earth's radius estimated from the product of the earth's mass and the gravitational constant and the latitude previously deduced from the pendulum method."

"It can be calculated that if this virtual 'little moon' exists, it should be 7 miles away from us."

"According to the cube of the semi-major axis of the big moon divided by the quadratic of the astronomical month is equal to the cube of the radius of the small moon divided by the quadratic of the astronomical day, the distance from the moon to us can be estimated. This value is..."

"Next, we use another method to estimate this value. That is, using the calculated product of the earth's mass and the gravitational constant, and using the mathematical method of centrifugal force and gravitational force to cancel, we can also obtain the cube root of a distance. After the square root, this value About……"

"The two values ​​are so close, but nothing can be explained, because although the two values ​​are so close, although the method is not the same, but the same basic deduction is used, it seems that the calculation method is different, But in fact, the calculation method is the same in essence.”

"Because if there is no semi-major axis cube due to the fixed ratio of the period quadratic and the centripetal force micro-element method formula, then the calculation method of gravity will not be deduced for a long time."

"Thus, this interesting, seemingly different algorithm is actually an algorithm with the same fundamentals, and they cannot be mutually verified by each other."

"So, these two algorithms cannot prove each other. Even if the estimated value of the distance between the earth and the moon is obtained, many people will still question it. This is normal. Of course, things that cannot be confirmed by each other can be questioned, especially the value of this value The basis comes from the entire gravitational system and the radius system of the celestial body's orbit."

"So, if we can use trigonometry to calculate the approximate distance between the earth and the moon, can we prove that the gravitational system is correct, at least it can be 'predicted' or 'predicted' by mathematics? I think this Yes, unless the skeptics knock down triangulation and the whole foundation of algebra and geometry, which they obviously don't have."

"This is not a method of physics, but astronomy and geometry can be used to verify physics and achieve logical self-consistency."

"The triangulation method to measure the distance between the earth and the moon has no foundation before, or it has no foundation now. Because we cannot know our own longitude with certainty, the error of finding the way by the compass is too large, and it is thousands of miles away. , two locations at different latitudes will make the error too large to bear to look at."

"If you want to know the fixed longitude of a place, there are two ways. One is the extremely accurate nautical clock that the Institute of Science and Practical Technology is trying, and the other is to use a telescope to observe Jupiter's satellites."

"The nautical clock is nowhere in sight. Telescopes to observe Jupiter's satellites to measure longitude are not applicable on the sea, but it is completely possible on the surface-the telescope cannot be set up on the deck, but it can be set up on the surface."

"Jupiter's satellites have a very stable cycle. This is a natural clock formed by natural power. It is more accurate than a nautical clock and requires a telescope to observe."

"We can use this clock to measure the longitude of a certain place. For this, I have consulted Mr. Benchu ​​of the Observatory. He can guarantee that the longitude is accurate to within ten—of course only on land that does not shake."

"Then, under the condition that the octant can determine the exact latitude, and the satellites of Jupiter can determine the exact longitude on the land, we can obtain, besides an exact and unprecedented complete picture of the republic, we can also use the parallax triangulation to estimate how far the moon is from us."

"Assuming that Mincheng and the capital are at the same longitude... of course it is just an assumption... and we can use the Polaris and the sun to know the latitude of the two places and calculate the distance between the two places at the same time. Then, under the same longitude, the time zone must be the same But in the same time zone, the position of the moon in the starry sky must be different... Suppose it is [-]:[-] p.m. in Min County, the moon is near Nvsu; but at [-]:[-] p.m. , the moon may be near Xusu."

"Longitude is very important, because there is no means of sound transmission for thousands of miles, so you can't be sure whether the eight points in your eyes are eight points elsewhere. The same eight points can only appear on the same longitude."

"When the same eight points are determined, the angle between the moon and the earth's surface can be measured with an octant, and at the same time the latitude of the two places and the distance at the same longitude are known, then the distance between the moon and us can be estimated using trigonometry .”

"Obviously, this requires the presence of old gentlemen of astronomy, a survey fee of about [-] silver coins, and a year or so...I don't mean to measure all the maps of the Republic, but to find out the map with the same longitude as Min City. North and use the parallax method to calculate the time of the distance between the earth and the moon."

"One year later, we will know whether the distance between the earth and the moon calculated by the mathematical method of the gravitational system is similar to the distance between the earth and the moon estimated by the trigonometric method recognized by everyone."

"If it is, then it proves that the gravitational system can be proved by the world system that everyone recognizes and has been recognized before. Before no counterexamples can be found, this can be self-contained and explain the world."

"In other words, opponents who believe that trigonometry, addition and subtraction, multipliers, sines and cosines, similar triangles, etc., all the theorems are false, can certainly use the basis of the world they define to declare gravity The theory is wrong. If they don’t want to be so shameless, they have to accept that the theory of gravity can explain the world, and it is a system that can withstand verification, uses the geometry and algebra that everyone agrees as tools, and has a self-consistent internal logic.”

... At the back of the article, there is a whole set of pure mathematical formulas, but they are all very simple. The only difficulty is the simplified version of the centripetal force formula that was completed several years ago using the original calculus method. There is only one enlightened mathematical formula of velocity squared ratio radius.

As for the rest, it is all about addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The most difficult step is just the final step of calculating the cube, which is equivalent to the level of "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" in the Warring States Qin and Han Dynasties. The specific formula has already been formed.

For those watching this article, the most important thing is that the mysterious moon was broken by the telescope and finally knew how far away it was from itself. By the way, so many zero numbers also make people feel the vastness of the universe.

For those who have already agreed with the theory of gravity and have a basis in trigonometry and algebra, they can calculate the mass ratio of the sun and the earth when they are very bored. It is impossible to know the weight, but they can know the approximate Quality ratio, and it is a very scary quality ratio.

For those astronomers, it happened to be able to formally draw the entire map of the Republic, and by the way, calculate the approximate distances of many planets.

For those who are immersed in the logical world of mathematics and cannot extricate themselves, they will feel that the future world needs more convenient tools. Mathematics as a tool has been unable to keep up with the development of other disciplines.

For those who haven’t figured out what evidence is, the two seemingly different calculation methods that Chen Jian pointed out are purely the same, can tell them that to prove something, they need to consider the essence of it .

For those who want to explain the world, the ideological trend of rigid mechanical materialism will crush the previous strange worldviews. These people will believe that the entire universe can be explained by mathematics, mechanics and motion.

The "prophecy" made by mathematics and calculation will also start a new way of thinking about the future, a way of conceiving the future with internal logic and self-consistent.A kind of "astrology" and "big prophecy" called physics and mathematics will replace any previous idealistic way of prophecy.

Among the many thicknesses, the only thing that is very thin is that in terms of the real world at this time, at most one can only get a map with roughly correct latitude and longitude.

Chapter 81 Nanyang Public School and its first issue

Astronomy and Nautical Surveying and Mapping not only received [-] silver coins from the Ministry of Industry, but also [-] silver coins from Nanyang Public School to survey and map the longitude of the land above the deck, and use geometry to measure Scientifically verify the mathematical calculation of the gravitational system.

However, after Nanyang Public School paid [-] silver coins for research funding, what they wanted was not only the mathematical calculations and longitude maps to verify the gravitational system, but also proposed another research direction later.

Starting from measuring the longitude of Jupiter’s satellites, astronomy and mathematics need to be combined to calculate the speed of light, or to calculate whether the speed of light is finite or infinite.