Longevity begins with Jinyiwei

As early as when he was the Duke of Qin, in order to raise military expenses, the emperor ordered people to study the improvement of salt. After the improvement, the white snow salt almost swept the world's salt market with a dimensionality reduction attack.

This white snow salt was once the most important support for Daheng's abnormal finances.

Up to now, it is a key existence to improve the living environment of the people.

The item of "living" is related to housing. In this item, the Daheng court hardly has any policy assistance or policy restrictions.

This is the private matter of the people in the world. In today's Zhaowu environment, for the vast majority of people, as long as they are not lazy, they will definitely get something for their work.

As for the relevant livelihood materials, there are strict regulation and restrictions by the imperial court, all of which are of high quality and low price. After working for a few years, the common people definitely have more than enough money for their families, and it is not a big problem to build a new house.

The so-called clothing, food, housing, and transportation are only one item left. This item is important to the people, and even more important to the world.

Up to now, in the ninth year of Zhaowu, according to the summary statistics of the Ministry of Industry, the official roads between the important cities in the northern provinces have basically completed the reconstruction of cement paving, while the reconstruction of the official roads in the south has lagged behind.

In the south, the focus of travel is on the repair and smooth flow of rivers and water systems.

It is no exaggeration to say that in today's north, if you travel by land, you only need to take the cement official road, even if you still pass by mules and horses, but the time required for the journey has been shortened by ten times or more!

The unimpeded official road will naturally bring more prosperity to commerce and trade.

You know, the road, no matter in which aspect, is the most important factor.

Just like in the pre-Ming Dynasty, the Son of Heaven led his army to conquer the grasslands from the north of the capital. The grain and grass needed by the army were all carried by the carts of the peasants. The road was rough and the road was not smooth. If one hundred stones of grain and grass were prepared at the rear, ten stones could reach the front line and supply The conquest of the army is already an extremely effective ratio.

Sometimes, even a rough road of several hundred meters is enough to block the grain transportation team for several days, and it takes several days.

If you want to get rich, build roads first. This sentence, no matter what era you are in, is the most reasonable saying of mothers!

Unimpeded communication brings prosperity to business, and prosperity to business brings wealth to the people, and wealth to the people increases...the prosperity of the people and the strength of the country!

It is obvious that today's Daheng is a dimensionality reduction blow to the grasslands and northwest Tibet, regardless of national strength or products, in terms of productivity.

Cheap textiles produced by industry are obviously necessary for the cold grassland. Now that Daheng has a surplus of food, it is also an undoubted necessity for the grassland. There are also coal mines, exquisite porcelain and silk, and it is also a must for the nobles of the grassland. status symbol...

And these are just ordinary people's livelihood materials.

There is also tea, which is the lifeblood of nomads, and the ordnance and firearms that Daheng has innovated several times, as well as the leap in steel production brought about by Daheng's smelting technology...

And the grassland... what does Daheng need?

ox?sheep?War horse?fur?

Today's Daheng is not confined within the defense line of the border town. Although outside the frontier city wall, although it is not the territory of Daheng in name, in fact, it has already radiated beyond the border city wall.

Even if Daheng lacks these things, they are by no means necessary.

Obviously, when there is no right to bargain at all, for the grassland and the Northwest, everything has to be passively accepted.

Massive wealth will be plundered by Daheng, and the right to speak will also be controlled by Daheng bit by bit in the process of commercial and economic plundering.

The benefits of Daheng are far more than these. The plunder of wealth will eventually flow into the country, and it will inevitably circulate in the country.

The circulation of wealth must be more extensive!

As far as the imperial court is concerned, wealth that is not in circulation has no meaning.

Just like the money and silver buried in the ground by the landlord and rich family, as long as the wealth is not circulated for a day, for a government, this wealth has no meaning for existence.

Only when wealth is circulated is it good for the country and the world.

Foreign trade and domestic demand, the circulation of massive wealth, and the increasing popularity of banknotes...

Among them, the benefits obtained by Daheng... are countless!It's enough to cover some of the disadvantages!

Chapter 677

However, in Daheng, it is not so easy to circulate wealth.

The circulation of wealth that the emperor wants is very relative.

That is to say...the common people have surplus wealth, most of this wealth can be preserved, and it doesn't matter if there is only a small amount of circulation.

The wealth of the gentry and wealthy merchants who hold most of the wealth is the main body that the emperor hopes to circulate wealth.

When the common people have surplus money in every household, the anti-risk ability of the common people in the world will inevitably be greatly improved.

Even if natural disasters continue, as long as the imperial government controls the market price, the people with surplus money will never be like Daheng is now. If you count the years before and after the Ming Dynasty, a large part of a country's fiscal revenue will be lost in more than ten years. , but all were thrown into the bottomless pit of disaster relief.

And these money and food should have many other uses.

It can even be said that if there were no such continuous natural disasters, even if the people under the disaster would not be so miserable, the grassland and the northwest would have been calmed down long ago.

The lack of people's ability to resist disasters and the continuation of this natural disaster put a thick shackle on Daheng, restricting Daheng's progress.

The real meaning of wealth circulation lies in the circulation of the wealth of the gentry and wealthy merchants who hold most of the wealth.

The idea is beautiful, but the reality is undoubtedly very skinny.

Under the general environment of the times, in this world, the vast majority of people who hold wealth tend to store their wealth and pass it on to their families.

Even the people at the bottom are more inclined to buy and farm land if they have surplus money.

It is completely a social environment where hamsters accumulate wealth.

Even now, Daheng has an extremely strict control policy on land, but the main wealth of society is still more inclined to storage than circulation.

Today, the main body of wealth circulation is still the new forces, that is, the main body of commercial circulation represented by Wu Xun, while the traditional landlords and gentry, who hold a considerable part of the world's wealth, are still standing still, guarding their wealth, and want to lie at home and squeeze the people. With rent.

It can be said that the word "rent collection" has already been immersed in the habits of most Han people.

But now, the habit of rent collection has obviously not developed to the extent that later generations use real estate to collect rent. Nowadays, the main body of rent collection is land mergers, and the use of land mergers leaves the people with no land to grow and no food to eat. Can only be a tenant and be squeezed.

This is obviously very inconsistent with Daheng's policy today.

However, in many cases, there are policies at the top and countermeasures at the bottom. In recent years, most of the officials who have been deposed in Daheng are also because of this.

In order to change this inertia, the emperor implemented many strategies.

Such as land reform, levy agricultural tax per mu of land, restrict land mergers, such as the implementation of business support, trying to change the habit of rent collection.

For example, in the middle of the eighth year of Zhaowu, after paper currency became popular, an order was issued to reform the storage and lending policies of Daheng Bank.

In this era, the existence of Qianzhuang, although its function is quite the same as that of later generations of banks, but in some respects, it is completely different from later generations.

The reason for the emergence of money houses in this era is only because of the cumbersomeness of metal currency such as gold, silver and copper in commercial transactions.

That's why there are banks that store locally and withdraw from other places, or deposit from other places and withdraw locally, which is similar to innovation.

Therefore, the role of the money bank is to help the merchants keep the currency, so that the merchants can avoid worries.

After all, if you bring a large number of gold bankers and get robbed or stolen on the road, it will be your own loss.

It is the bank's business to let the bank take care of it, no matter how much it loses.

In this way, the role of the bank is obviously to help keep it. Therefore, the bank has always charged storage fees.

Instead of saving money, there is interest as in later generations.

Another function of the bank is naturally lending, but in this era, it is called lending.

For example, if a commercial bank is short of money, it can take out the goods or properties available for mortgage, and go to the bank to mortgage the money, and the bank will charge interest on the money borrowed by the commercial bank.

In the last years of the Ming Dynasty and the first few years before the founding of Daheng, the wars continued, the world was chaotic, and the government's finances were overwhelmed. It borrowed money from Daheng Bank many times to tide over the difficulties.

In this regard, the functions of Qianzhuang and banks in later generations are obviously similar.

But it is undeniable that the function of borrowing is still good, but the characteristics of storage are doomed, and the group of bank faces is limited to a fixed group.

That is, merchants who need to trade in different places!

After all, if there is no need, no one would be willing to spend the money they have worked so hard to save in the bank. After all, the storage fee is not a small amount.

Obviously, the function of safekeeping and storage, in some respects, is already not conducive to the circulation of wealth.

And this point became more serious after the circulation of banknotes was introduced.With the introduction of banknotes, storage and storage, this function has obviously completely outdated the times.

After all, the fundamental reason for the emergence of money houses is that gold, silver and copper metal currencies are inconvenient in commercial transactions, so there are money houses and silver notes.

Nowadays, paper money is prevalent, and this fundamental problem is no longer a problem.

With a stack of banknotes in your arms, you can travel north and south. Moreover, with the smooth transformation of official roads in recent years, Daheng has also used the opportunity of road reconstruction to clean up bandits everywhere.

The roads are smooth, the banknotes are light, and the banditry is reduced...

These three points almost completely wiped out the bank's custody function.

Therefore, in the middle of the eighth year of Zhaowu, the emperor ordered the bank to reform its lending and storage functions.

Immediately, at the end of the eighth year of Zhaowu, the new borrowing and storage policy proposed by the bank was reviewed by the court and approved by the emperor, and it was officially tried in the capital.

There are two main changes in the new storage strategy.

One is the abolition of storage fees, and the other is the opening of lending, which has been relaxed a little.

The reason why it is only to cancel the storage fee, instead of increasing the storage interest as in later generations, is naturally limited by the times.

After all, the banks of later generations are able to give certain interest to all depositors because the groups that banks lend to are too broad and too wide.

The more money the bank deposits, the more the bank can lend out. The money earned from lending is really insignificant compared to the interest paid to depositors.

Nowadays, the group of Daheng Bank lending money is undoubtedly extremely limited.

It is mainly a small number of commercial banks, and the business environment is still in its infancy, and the lending group is naturally restricted by the general environment of the times.

In this way, the source of income of the bank and the source of income of the banks of later generations can also be described as the difference between heaven and earth.

In today's banks, their income comes from their two functions.

Custody storage and lending.

Abolishing the policy of safekeeping and storage is tantamount to abolishing the biggest source of income for the bank.

The rest of the functions of lending and lending, before the development of the times, the lending group was extremely limited. Even if the imperial court tentatively opened up the opening of lending and lending this time, the number of groups that could be increased was extremely limited, and the income of the bank was extremely limited. limited.

Even if the increase in storage interest can bring more deposits to the bank, the significance of this deposit is not small, but it is limited to the general environment of the times, and the significance is difficult to display after all.

After all, the emperor, a later generation, can't understand the financial business, he only knows one general direction, let alone the officials of this era.

Therefore, the abolition of storage fees now is a tentative maintenance of small steps and even expansion of the depositor group.

Slightly loosening the opening for lending and borrowing is also a tentative use of bank deposits in small steps.

All development must follow the times, and so is Qianzhuang. Nothing can be accomplished overnight.

The development of the world requires not only the understanding of the emperor, but also the understanding of the changes of the times by the officials of the world and the development of the times.

The development of the bank also requires the main body of the bank to understand the changes of the times and adapt to the development of the times.

This is a virtuous cycle, and it does not depend entirely on the emperor pulling seedlings to encourage growth. Moreover, the emperor is not omnipotent. Random pulling seedlings to encourage growth will only bring disasters!

Chapter 678 The money is not enough

By the ninth year of Zhaowu, the order framework of the entire Daheng world had basically been determined. In this new order framework, as time passed, the entire world was also subtly changing in this order framework.

The emperor's idea of ​​patrolling the world has been completely shelved, and he is buried in state affairs all day long, and it is difficult to have the slightest free time.

The civil and military affairs of the Manchu Dynasty also performed their duties around the internal and external military and political affairs. The only chaotic place, the external northern border, was completely plunged into the quagmire of war under the interference of Daheng. The pressure dropped sharply.

The Daheng Center has also entered a rare stage of stable and rapid development.

Especially the prosperity of business, in the past two years, Daheng's business seems to have a few more powerful engines to promote it.

One is the convenience of trade exchange brought about by the appearance of banknotes.

The second is to lift the blockade of the border trade of Heshuo Special Department, which also makes the border trade that has been stagnant for a long time in northern Xinjiang take off again.

The trade system at the official level, as well as the huge demand of the Tibetan areas and grasslands in the northwest, also directly drove the rapid development of most of the north.

The third is that the lending by banks and the smoother traffic roads have provided a strong foundation for business development.

And all of this, reflected in the essence of the imperial center, is the skyrocketing increase in commercial taxes and tariffs!

Zhaowu's fiscal and tax revenue in the eighth year has already reached as much as 3000 million taels of silver, and this is only the commercial tax and customs duty in the fiscal and taxation system.

Daheng's fiscal and taxation system is generally divided into three types, one is commercial tax, the other is customs duty, and the third is agricultural tax.

The three taxes, under the constraints of productivity in this era, are not as complicated as those of later generations.

Commercial tax is mainly collected by tax cards designed on roads, rivers, and cities, and different proportions of commercial tax are collected according to different commodities.

And this is only for private businesses, not for state-owned monopoly businesses.

Such as salt, iron, coal, etc. monopoly, the proportion of business tax is much higher than that of normal private business, and, not only the proportion is high, these monopoly businesses also have to pay 30.00% of the profit every year, at least domestic money among.

In the past, the tariff refers to the maritime trade tariff of the Municipal Shipbuilding Department, but now, since the border trade between the Northwest and the Heshuo Special Department has been liberalized, the Northwest Mutual Market Tariff must also be added.

The agricultural tax is naturally simple. Under the Daheng land reform, the tax is levied on the basis of the land.