The original god of Douluo mainland

I can’t finish it, so I’ll give it a thumbs up first. Just refresh it tomorrow and take a look.It’s only [-] words, so you won’t lose money by automatically subscribing.

The following is my review material, you don’t need to read it.

Subtractive color effect: The optical density of DNA at 260nm is greater than the optical density absorbed by each base in the DNA molecule at 260nm.

The sum of the colors is much smaller (about 35%~40% less). This phenomenon is called the "subtractive color effect".

Color enhancement effect: When DNA changes from a double helix structure to a single-stranded regular coiled state, its absorption at 260nm increases.

Increase, this is called "enhancement effect".

Melting temperature of DNA (Tm): The temperature change range that causes DNA to "melt" is only a few degrees. This temperature

The midpoint of the range of variation is called the melting temperature (T).

Isoelectric point: refers to the pH value when the positive ion concentration and negative ion concentration of an amino acid are equal, represented by the symbol pI.

Structural domain: refers to the protein polypeptide chain that is further curled and folded into several relatively independent approximations based on the secondary structure.

Spherical assembly.

Allosteric enzyme: Also known as allosteric enzyme, it is an important type of regulatory enzyme.In addition to binding to substrates and catalyzing substrate reactions, its molecules

In addition to the corresponding active center, there are also allosteric centers that bind to regulators and regulate reaction speed.bound to by allosteric agents

The allosteric center affects the conformational changes of the enzyme molecule itself to change the activity of the enzyme.

Michaelis-Menten constant: expressed as K value, an important parameter of enzyme. The K value indicates that the enzyme reaction speed (V) reaches the maximum reaction

The concentration of substrate (in M or mM) at half the velocity (Vmax).The Michaelis constant is a characteristic constant of an enzyme and is only related to the enzyme's

properties and are not affected by substrate concentration and enzyme concentration.

Zymogen Activation: Zymogen is the precursor of an enzyme that has no catalytic activity.A certain substance acts on the zymogen to convert it into active form

The process of enzyme is called zymogen activation.The essence of zymogen activation: the process of formation or exposure of the enzyme active center.

Glycolysis: A series of reactions in which biological cells degrade glucose into pyruvate and produce ATP, which affects all organisms.

Pathways for glucose degradation ubiquitous in organisms.

10. Tricarboxylic acid cycle: also known as citric acid cycle, TCA cycle, the third stage of aerobic oxidation of sugar, consisting of acetyl-CoA

It begins to condense with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, undergoes four oxidations and other intermediate processes, and finally generates another molecule.

Oxaloacetate cycles back and forth in this way, consuming an acetyl group in each cycle to generate CO2 and small to large amounts of energy.

11. Substrate-level phosphorylation: During the oxidation of the substrate, the internal energy of the substrate molecule is redistributed to produce high-energy phosphorylation.

bond (or high-energy thioester bond), whereby the high-energy bond provides energy to phosphorylate ADP (or GDP) to generate ATP (or GTP)

The process is called substrate Xiaoping phosphorylation.This process is related to the role of the respiratory chain, and only takes place through substrate level phosphorylation.

Produce small amounts of ATP.

12. Oxidative phosphorylation: When the substrate is dehydrogenated and oxidized, electrons or hydrogen atoms are accompanied by ADP phosphorus during the transfer process on the respiratory chain.

The function of acidification to generate ATP is called oxidative phosphorylation.Oxidative phosphorylation of sugar, fat, and protein in organisms

The main way to synthesize ATP through chemical decomposition.

13. Uncoupling agent: refers to a class of compounds that can inhibit coupling phosphorylation.These compounds enable electron transfer in the respiratory chain

The energy generated cannot be used for phosphorylation of ADP, but can only be dissipated in the form of heat, that is, oxidation and phosphorylation are relieved.

The coupling effect, so the uncoupling agent can also be called the uncoupling agent.

14. Fatty acid β-oxidation: β-oxidation of fatty acids. Under the action of a series of enzymes, fatty acids oxidize between a carbon atom and β carbon.

Break between atoms, and the β carbon atom is oxidized into a carboxyl group to produce acetyl CoA containing 2 carbon atoms and 2 fewer carbon atoms than the original

of fatty acids.

15. Combined deamination: the main deamination method of amino acid catabolism in the body.There are two main reaction pathways: [-].

Nu is deaminated by a combination of oxidative deamination catalyzed by L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase and transamination catalyzed by transaminase.

Base; No. [-] is removed by the combined action of oxidative deamination catalyzed by L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase and the purine nucleotide cycle

Amino.

Chemical. Okazaki fragment: a group of short DNA fragments, produced at the beginning of DNA DNA synthesis, and subsequently ligated by ligase

Form into longer segments.During growth of E. coli, cells are briefly exposed to deuterium-labeled thymine

, the existence of the Okazaki fragment can be proved.The discovery of the Okazaki fragment provides evidence for the Kornberg mechanism of DNA editing.

according to.

17. Variability: When the anticodon on tRNA is paired with the codon of mRNA in reverse, the first and second bases of the codon match.

For Cantonese strictly, the third base can change to a certain extent. This phenomenon is called variability.

18. Semi-discontinuous replication: At the replication point, the leading strand does not replicate and moves in the direction of continuous synthesis; the lagging strand moves in the opposite direction.

towards discontinuous synthesis, this feature of DNA replication is called semi-discontinuous replication

19. Degeneracy: The phenomenon that the same amino acid has two or more codons is called the degeneracy of codons. (i.e.

Dan multiple codons can code for the same amino acid)

20. Codon: A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides present in messenger RNA that encodes a specific amino acid in protein synthesis.

cryptographic unit.Codons determine which amino acid joins a specific position in a protein polypeptide chain; there are 64 codons in total

The code contains 61 amino acid codes and 3 stop codons.

1. Describe and compare the methods of gene recombination in prokaryotes under natural conditions.

Answer: In prokaryotic microorganisms, the naturally occurring genetic recombination methods mainly include conjugation, transduction, transformation and protoplasmic fusion.

Way. (turn the book yourself)

2. Why did the three classic experiments that proved that nucleic acids are the basis of genetic material all use microorganisms as experimental materials?

Answer: This is because microorganisms have a series of unique biological characteristics, such as easy synthesis or semi-synthesis of simple ingredients

Growth on culture medium; rapid reproduction; visibility and legibility of colony morphology; relatively simple composition and structure; especially

The structure and composition of the virus are simpler; its nucleic acids and proteins can be easily separated, labeled, extracted and purified, and the host can be easily infected.

properties and results are easy to judge, and mutants are easy to form and screen, etc. Therefore, using microorganisms to conduct the above experiments has the simplicity

It saves time, is easy to repeat, and the experimental results are easy to analyze. This is why the above three classic experiments are all conducted with microorganisms.

The main raw materials for testing materials

3. Variable test, coating test and photocopy plate test method can all effectively prove that mutations occur naturally. Researchers

What key issues and experimental steps were captured in the experimental design?

3

Answer: How do genetic mutations occur?At one time, the academic debate was very fierce. The main issue that was difficult to quell was the previous

In human experiments, mutants are always closely linked to certain environmental conditions; therefore, it is difficult to prove genetic mutations.

Occurs independently of the environment.