My Rebirth and the Strange Adventure of Black Zhen

The Habsburg family was a distinguished family. Their ancestor in the sixth century was the Duke of Alsace. Later, they expanded to the Aargau Canton in northern Switzerland. In 1020, they built an eagle castle named Habsburg, and gradually expanded their influence to the west bank of the Rhine. In 1273, Rudolf I, Duke of Habsburg, was elected King of Germany (but not crowned as emperor). On December 1282, 12, Rudolf I seized Austria and the Duchy of Stilich from King Ottokar II of Bohemia, and divided them among his two sons, Albrecht and Rudolf. Since then, Austria has been owned by the Habsburg royal family for more than 27 years. After Rudolf I died in 600, Adolf of the Nassau family was elected king, but he was soon rejected because of his alliance with Britain. Albrecht I, the son of Rudolf I, was elected as the opposing king and defeated Adolf in 1291 and officially ascended the throne. In 1298, Albrecht I was killed by his nephew John of Swabia. Although Albrecht's second son Frederick III was elected as the opposing king and ruled together with Ludwig IV of Bavaria, the power of the Habsburg family began to retreat to the family territory mainly in Austria in the following 1308 years, and southern Alsace, Breisgau and some other territories in the empire were gradually incorporated into their rule. During the 100th century, the newly established Swiss Confederation continued to expand into southern Germany, causing the Habsburg family to lose the Eagle Castle built by their ancestors. Since then, the base of the Habsburg dynasty has officially moved from Eagle Castle in southern Switzerland to Vienna in Lower Austria.

After losing the Holy Roman throne, the Habsburgs continued to hold Austria and Stilich as their territories. Successive Austrian dukes continued to expand the scope of the duchy's rule, and in the middle of the 14th century began to call themselves "grand dukes" in order to compete with the power of the electors, but this title was not recognized by Emperor Charles IV.

The Habsburgs divided the Duchy of Austria into several provinces, which eventually led to the partition of Inner and Outer Austria.

In 1379, two brothers of the Habsburg family, Albrecht III and Leopold III, signed an agreement. Albrecht's descendants would own the Archduchy of Austria (later known as Lower Austria), which was central and eastern Austria, while Leopold's descendants would own the Duchy of Outer Austria, which included western Austria, southern Alsace, and territories in southwestern Germany.

The situation of Austria's internal and external division was not unified because of the extinction of Albrecht's branch in 1450. The two branches of Leopold's branch, the Old Tyrol branch and the Styrian branch, controlled different territories.

It was not until 1490 when the Old Tyrolean branch died out that the Habsburg territories were unified by Maximilian I of the Styrian branch.

In 422, Duke Albert V of Inner Austria married Elizabeth of Luxembourg, the illegitimate daughter of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia, and was designated as Sigismund's heir.

In 1437, Sigismund died of illness, and Albrecht ascended the throne as the King of Germany, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia the following year (Albrecht II, who was not crowned as emperor). From then on, the Habsburg family held the throne of the Holy Roman Empire (except from 1742 to 1745) until the fall of the empire.

But soon after, in 1439, Albrecht was killed in battle, leaving behind a posthumous son, Ladislaus. The throne of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire was then inherited by Frederick III, a cousin of Albrecht. Ladislaus inherited the throne of Hungary and Bohemia (called Ladislaus V and Ladislaus I, respectively) at birth. Unfortunately, the young Habsburg was soon murdered, causing the family to lose its rule over Hungary and Bohemia.

On November 1453, 11, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III promoted the Duchy of Austria to a Grand Duchy, which greatly enhanced the status of the Habsburg Dynasty and even Austria in Europe, and provided a foundation for the further expansion of the dynasty. The dynasty gradually entered its heyday.

The power of the Habsburgs was further strengthened through royal marriages during the reign of Maximilian I, son of Frederick III (1493-1519). Maximilian himself married Mary of Burgundy, the only daughter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, on August 1477, 8. This marriage incorporated all the territories of the Duchy of Burgundy from southern France to the Netherlands into the Habsburg territories.

Maximilian's son, Philip the Handsome, married Spanish Crown Princess Juana in 1496 and founded the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. However, Philip also gave his mother, the Duke of Burgundy's territory, to the Spanish royal family, sowing the fuse of the War of Spanish Succession. Maximilian's grandson, the future Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, married Bohemian Princess Anne of Bohemia on May 1521, 5. The following year, Ferdinand's sister Maria of Austria married Louis II of Hungary & Bohemia. These two marriages laid the groundwork for Austria's annexation of Bohemia and the formation of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Empire.

It was through marriage alliances that the Habsburg dynasty greatly strengthened the power of the empire by exerting its influence on the European continent.

Maximilian's carefully arranged political marriage made his grandson Charles V (known as Carlos I in Spain) the hegemon of Europe. In 1506, Charles' father, King Philip the Handsome, died young, and Charles inherited the title of Duke of Burgundy and became the first ruler of the Spanish Netherlands (Holland and Belgium). In 1516, Charles' grandfather, King Ferdinand II of Spain, died of illness, and Charles became King Carlos I of Spain. Since then, the whole of Spain, Sicily in southern Italy, Sardinia, the Kingdom of Naples, and Spain's colonies in the Americas have all become the governance areas of the Habsburg dynasty.

In 1519, Charles' grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, died. Charles succeeded to the throne and became Charles V, and inherited the family's rule over Austria and Alsace.

At this time, Charles V became the European monarch who ruled the most territory, but he still went on many expeditions, such as against Protestants and the invasion of the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, the internal affairs of the countries ruled by Charles V were mostly handled by his agents. In Spain, his agent was his son Prince Philip (later Philip II), and in Austria, his brother Archduke Ferdinand (later Ferdinand I).

Although the Habsburg dynasty's territory was the largest in Europe, the dynasty did not stop its wars for expansion.

On August 1526, 8, King Lajos II of Hungary and Bohemia and Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent fought fiercely in Mohacs near Budapest, the capital of Hungary. This battle was called the First Battle of Mohacs. The Turkish army defeated the Hungarian army, and Louis unfortunately died on the battlefield. However, the Ottoman Empire did not occupy Hungary for a long time, but withdrew its troops in September. At this time, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, the younger brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, inherited the throne of the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Bohemia as Lajos's brother-in-law. Although there were contenders for the throne in Hungary, they were quickly pacified. Since then, Hungary, Bohemia and Moravia have been under the rule of the Habsburg dynasty until 29. And Silesia (southern Poland) also temporarily became the territory of the Habsburg dynasty.

The Habsburg dynasty is the most important, influential and territorially ruling royal family in European history. Members of the family have served as monarchs of Austria, Hungary, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. But in the 18th century, the family suddenly declined, and the reasons are confusing. However, scientists' latest research has found that incest and close relatives may be the main reasons for the decline of this European royal family. The Habsburg royal family members popularized the tradition of marrying their relatives to keep the family bloodline pure. But this move had terrible consequences for their descendants. These genetic diseases were most obvious in the last direct heir, Carlos II. Carlos II was nicknamed "The Demon" (Spanish: El Hechizado) because people at the time believed that Carlos II's physical and mental illnesses were the result of witchcraft curses. Carlos II did not speak until he was four years old; he did not walk until he was eight years old; he was short, thin and weak; he was almost uninterested in everything around him; at the age of 8, he looked old and frail, with swollen legs, feet, abdomen and face; a few years before his death, he could hardly stand on his own and suffered from hallucinations and convulsions. Scientists' research shows that Carlos II suffered from at least two genetic diseases due to genetic disorder in his ancestors. One is the lack of pituitary hormones that caused hormonal imbalance, which affected his growth and development; the second is kidney disease. In addition, Carlos II also suffered from the "Habsburg lip (mandibular protrusion)" deformity that was unique to his family members. His tongue was so large that he had difficulty speaking and often drooled. His head was also too big, his intestines were inverted, and his body often convulsed. Despite his physical deformity and serious health problems, Carlos II still married twice, hoping to continue to maintain the rule of the Habsburg dynasty. But he died at the age of 30 without leaving any heirs, and the direct line of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain was destroyed. In the 39 years before Carlos II, 200 out of 11 marriages were close relatives, including two marriages between uncles and nieces, and two marriages between first cousins. Carlos II's father, Philip IV, was the uncle of his mother, Maria Anna of Austria, and his great-grandfather, Philip II, was also the uncle of his great-grandmother, Anna of Austria, and his grandmother, Maria Anna of Spain, was also his aunt. The motto of the Habsburg dynasty was: "Let others wage war, and you, happy Austrians, get married!" to praise the tendency of family members to marry each other.

The Spanish Habsburg dynasty died out in 1700, while the Austrian dynasty died out in 1740 and was replaced by the branch Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty until 1918, when the empire was replaced by the Austrian Republic. Some descendants of the Habsburg royal family still survive and have settled in Austria, Liechtenstein and Germany. [3] Royal branch broadcast editor In 1556, Charles V began to withdraw from political life after his final effort to defeat the Protestant forces failed. Therefore, he decided to give the Spanish throne and the Archduke of Austria to his two representatives respectively, and let their respective descendants inherit their own thrones, and not pass them to each other. Since then, the Habsburg dynasty has been officially divided into the Austrian branch and the Spanish branch, and the situation in which one person ruled the dynasty's territory during the reign of Charles V no longer appears. Austrian Habsburg Dynasty In 1556, Charles V gave the throne of Archduke of Austria to his brother Ferdinand I, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and made Ferdinand the heir to the throne of the Holy Roman Emperor. However, according to Charles' will, Ferdinand and his descendants lost the right to inherit the throne of Spain. This made Ferdinand the first monarch of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty. Since then, the Austrian Habsburg dynasty ruled Austria, Hungary and Bohemia until Charles VI died in 1740 and Maria Theresa succeeded to the throne. There were 10 generations of monarchs. These two hundred years were also the period with the most wars in European history. After that, the two major camps in Europe fought for the Austrian throne and gained benefits in Austria and broke out the War of the Austrian Succession.

In 1504, Queen Isabella of Castile died of illness. As her sons with King Ferdinand II of Aragon all died young, after Isabella's death, Crown Princess Joanna the Mad inherited the throne of the Kingdom of Castile. Philip I, son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, served as regent together with his father-in-law Ferdinand as Joanna's husband. In 1516, after Ferdinand's death, Joanna and Philip's son, Duke Charles of Burgundy (Spanish name: Carlos; German name: Karl, also known as Charles V later) inherited the throne of Spain (Castile and Aragon) and became Carlos I. Later, in 1556, he gave up the Spanish throne to his son Philip II and abolished the right of Philip and his descendants to inherit the Austrian title, officially opening the prelude of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty.