New Shun 1730

Appreciation is not science.

Xianxue is an explanation and understanding of the real world that changed dramatically during a certain period of time in history. Only in the era of violent fluctuations and the transition between the old and the new can significant influential scholarship be produced.

The obvious one means knowing the word. The visible one has the sun on the upper left, the silk on the seat, and the eyes on the right.

It means that only by facing the sun can you see the tiny threads.

Seeing the thread in the sun is the meaning of "Everything in the world needs to pay attention to methods in order to see everything clearly. If the thread is thin, it cannot be seen unless it is exposed to the sun."

After the French Revolution and before the Battle of Sedan, France was in an era of fierce struggle between old and new changes, the old era was gradually getting older, and the new things showed countless evils.

If we want to break it down, from the time when the land was divided during the French Revolution, to the defeat at Sedan, and from the time after Waterloo to the raising of the flag in the Commune, the sixty years can be roughly divided into two halves if we only talk about outstanding learning.

The first half of the sect is modeled on the small circle of Freemasonry, which is mysterious, high-minded, and a relic of the craftsman era. The Forest Brotherhood, or the Carbonari Party.

This product of the age of craftsmen and handicrafts has subsequently evolved into many things and has had a lot of influence in Europe. For example, the Young Italy Party, the Mafia, Young Europe, the trade unions that adhere to the red and black flag, etc., are all their successors in a broad sense.

The outstanding learning in the second half is basically the Saint-Simon-Comte line. The former was the manifest doctrine of the Second Empire, and the latter was the manifest doctrine of the Third Republic after the failure of the Commune, and could even be regarded as the official ideology of the Third Republic to a certain extent.

This can be regarded as the product of consciousness of the industrial age, or at least based on the industrial age. It should be said that it is a very crucial important theory for France to move from the old era to the industrial era. The words "Order and Progress" on the Brazilian flag in later generations can also be regarded as the legacy of this lineage in later generations.

As for Saint-Simon being one of the few people commemorated by both the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War, that is another matter. The former is because of the critical utopia and the technocratic modern organizational concept; the latter is to commemorate that he went to North America to participate in the anti-British uprising before France declared war, and actually fought with a gun for the freedom of the thirteen states. He was also captured by the British and imprisoned.

Since we are talking about explicit learning, many situations are similar: as soon as the teaching comes out, it belongs not to Yang but to Mo - his disciples, especially a few major disciples, are basically "disciples of other schools and surrendered halfway", especially Several important disciples are high-ranking members of the Carbonari Party of the French Forest Brotherhood.

The situation after the Legal Revolution is somewhat similar to the situation in Dashun at this time - widespread poverty under the private ownership of small land; the unlimited impact of the capitalist production mode and preliminary industrialization on handicraftsmen; financial capital lending rent and allowing small farmers to use land as collateral Come and borrow usury; speculation and hoarding are everywhere; industry and industry are just beginning to show their great power; the systems of the old era, including morals and traditions, are collapsing; and the bloody cruelty of the new era is just emerging.

Historically, before Saint Simon died, his disciples surrounded him. The doctor asked him how he was feeling. Was he feeling uncomfortable?

He left a famous last words:

[It’s not uncomfortable, maybe I’m lying, but there’s no point in saying this, let’s talk about socialism]

[The goal I have spent my whole life to achieve is to build a society that allows all members of society to maximize their talents, and ultimately benefit the world... You must always be passionate about completing this great cause]

[I can’t do it anymore. Next, it’s up to you to unite and fight for socialism! The time has come and we are sure to win! 】

This year, Karl Heichlein Marx was only 7 years old and had just entered the first grade of elementary school.

In this year, his eldest disciple, Saint-Aman Bazar, who had worked with Lafayette in the conspiracy of the Carbonari circle, completed important exegesis work and wrote the "Interpretation of Sacred Doctrine", which quickly became It became a prominent school in France.

Of course, Saint-Simon's ideas are utopian and can certainly be criticized by later generations.

But at that time, he was of great significance to France.

Because before him, French radicals followed the routine of secret societies and existed in the form of "artisan brotherhoods", which was the standard organizational model of urban craftsmen. This kind of secret organization of craftsmen and handicrafts before the industrial age is similar all over the world.

This side calls for promoting the virtuous; the other side calls for replacing the natural nobles with natural nobles.

This side is called Shang Tong; the other side is called lower-level members who must unconditionally obey the instructions of the top member.

This is called universal love; the other is called loving your neighbor as yourself. Everyone should treat others as brothers and sisters.

This side is called Minggui; the other side is called Minggui; the chaos during and after the French Revolution has caused some people to have doubts and despair about "human beings' ability to construct and lead history through rationality", so they place their hope in the existence of a kind of guidance that can guide people. To the gods of mankind...

In addition, there are many similarities, including secret organization models, paramilitary organizations, extremely fond of participating in political activities, etc.

Early Freemasonry, Italian and French Carbonari, all had similar things.

Before the rise of Saint-Simonism, the Carbonari was considered a prominent school in France.

That's the problem.

The era of craftsmen, the era of handicraftsmen, will eventually pass, and it will definitely pass.

The industrial age will crush this craftsman-style secret organization.

Even so, Saint-Simon's teachings, in this critical transition period between the old and the new, drew away a large part of the former "secret organization of craftsmen" and other talented people who were prominent in the previous wave - they were flying the red and black flags .

Although Saint-Simon is utopian, he is a critical utopia, and it is a critical utopia based on the industrial era, on modern efficient organizations, on large-scale industrial development and large-scale industry.

And in the end, the scientific positivism developed by his personal secretary and the father of Western sociology, Auguste Comte, became prominent during the Third Republic and was blocked in advance, squeezing the spread space of the craftsmen’s thinking in the old era and making It is gradually annihilated.

This wave is historically important for France.

Because it is not a good thing for the previous group of "explicit learning", or in other words, the progressive aristocrats, craftsmen, urban petty bourgeois and small producers to continue to evolve. For example, in Italy, where the Carbonari had a great influence, the subsequent ideological traces were very deep. It can even be said that even the Red Brigades or the Mafia were greatly influenced by this culture and tradition.

In short, times have changed.

Since economic determinism is wrong.

So, the influence of a prominent school on the subsequent spirit of a country in a specific period is huge.

Social existence determines social consciousness. The economic base determines the superstructure.

However, the social existence at this time has given birth to a social consciousness that is in line with the social existence at this time; and the explicit knowledge of this fit will in turn act on and affect the real world; and the actual existence of the real world that is acted upon and affected, It will also have an impact on the social consciousness that was previously matched.

Fortunately, for Dashun, no matter what, the background of the next round of "exhibition of learning" is still based on the era of "big industry".

Even if we say that in Dashun, many of the legacies left by Liu Yu are actually distortions.

But twisting the classics and practicing backwards, whether it is distorted or reversed, the background is there, and it is based on industrialism. Reverse training is nothing more than the bloodiest primitive accumulation and the most authentic. The distribution system under capitalist production relations is fully displayed.

However, this is not the point.

The point is that the real core of Saint-Simonianism, excluding those of the "Utopian Society," is industrialism.

In fact, Saint-Simon was the first person to formally use the term "industrialism."

To be precise, after France experienced the French Revolution, the issue of how to proceed in the future was based on France's "liberal natural order industrialism" and "the promotion of orderly industry by organized, technocratic and state entities." When there was a conflict and fierce debate between the two "isms", it was Saint-Simon who opened the beginning of organized industrialism.

In other words, during the transition period between feudal society and industrial society, it was he who, amid the reaction of many craftsmen’s thoughts, created a set of future-oriented explicit studies based on industrial society.

Of course, Comte later disagreed with him and left him.

But in the words "progress and order", Saint-Simon gave priority to "progress", while Comte gave priority to "order". Of course, this is also the reason why the Third Republic chose Comte’s scientific positivism as its official ideology after the Commune. In other words, it is because the French elite and the general public have experienced the legal revolution, the emperor, restoration, and anti-restoration. After decades of turmoil in the Second Empire, it chose order first.

To a certain extent, this profound knowledge in France can be mutually confirmed with Dashun.

After all, apart from the "social" element, this prominent school is more based on industrialism, or the industrial party. At its core, it is a school that does not take production relations into account, but is purely productive, guiding society from the feudal era to the Doctrine of the Industrial Age.

In other words, it is "technocratic theory."

For example, the origins of Saint-Simon’s early important followers, or disciples:

The first director of the Paris-Lyon-Méditerranean Railway Company, Le Pere Enfantin.

Olinder Rodríguez of the Perel family, a major financial institution that influenced all aspects of the Second French Empire, such as the Bank of France Real Estate Mortgage, the General Shipping Company, and the Paris-Saint-Germain Railway Company.

Credit Lyonnais and Société Générale were established under the influence of his thoughts.

The general leader of the French Forest Brotherhood and the Carbonari Party, and the student leader of the Ecole Polytechnique, Saint-Amand Bazar.

Alphonse Lavallie who funded the creation of the Ecole Centrale in Paris.

Napoleon III's Senate Economic Advisor, Michel Chevalier.

One of the vanguards of the colonial Algerian policy was a large number of engineering graduates from the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris.

The Father of the English Channel, Aimee de Garmond.

In short, it is not difficult to see that these people are not so much "communists" as they are "industrial capitalists" and "technocrats."

Who do you think gave Na San the title of "Emperor of Socialism"?

As soon as Saint-Simon died, the actual Saint-Simonian school split.

Some of them went to the community and continued to fight and think.

Part of them moved toward religious humanism, reaction, and religious creation.

In part, it moved towards pure technological industrialism and French colonialism.

The most representative example is the École Polytechnique, which was most deeply influenced by Saint-Simonianism and almost supported half of the technical bureaucracy and industrial achievements of the Second French Empire. This radical student school was established in the war, and in the Battle of Paris before the abdication of Emperor Napoleon, the school was able to organize the mathematics department as artillery to resist the impact of Cossack cavalry without infantry protection. It actively participated in all movements. With industrialism and the graduates of the school becoming imperial technical bureaucrats and having smooth careers, it became the "base camp of social general conservatism". In the uprising of March 18, 1871, this school, which had always been a radical movement, did not participate at all. It was no longer a scientific laboratory or a movement center for radical students. Instead, after Saint-Simonianism became a prominent school in the Second Empire, it became the "incubator of the country's and the nation's 'new aristocracy' and 'natural aristocracy' - that is, the technical bureaucracy".

From this point of view, the position of the Dashun School of Practical Learning after the Li Qing coup was actually similar to that of the group of people at the École Polytechnique - pure technology dominated industrialism.