New Shun 1730

Since the prominent school of Dashun—or rather, it would not have become a prominent school without this, and would have become the empty talk of a few people in this era between the old and the new, and would not have been a prominent school—has such characteristics.

And since the prominent school of Dashun was proposed by the practical school, and there is still an old system within Dashun.

Then, undoubtedly, Saint-Simon is like a fish in water in the practical school political group of Dashun, just like a captive falcon coming to the open grassland sky to have fun.

After all, Ilyich said a famous saying of Saint-Simon, or a famous fable.

Say, if one day, France suddenly overnight, the king, nobles, various dukes; all high officials, all the nonsense parliamentarians, all the empty lawyers; all the cardinals, archbishops, priests, governors, all judges; and tens of thousands of the richest people who live in luxury... if they all died overnight, and the French scientists, artists, craftsmen, industrial producers, etc. were not affected at all.

Then the death of these people will only make the French people a little frustrated out of humanitarianism, but it will not bring political misfortune to France. Moreover, France has a large population, and it will be easy to fill the vacancies left by these people. And maybe they will do better than them.

But on the other hand, if thousands of scientists, artists, craftsmen, and industrial producers died overnight in France, then France would face a disaster. Because these people may need a whole generation to be retrained...

Considering Saint-Simon's attitude towards the lawyers in the French Revolution, and the attitude of those who can only talk nonsense and "shout slogans so empty that they are as empty as the slogans of the reactionaries they oppose" after experiencing the chaos of the French Revolution.

Saint-Simon's attitude is very clear:

Each era has its own ruling class.

The times have changed, and the industrial age is coming. The rulers of the industrial age should be technical experts, scientists, inventors, industrial capitalists, and big bankers.

And you, the landlords, nobles, kings, lawyers, etc., are just cuckoos occupying the magpie's nest. The era of your rule is over. Hurry up and give way to the rulers of the industrial age, such as technical experts, scientists, inventors, etc. Don't occupy the toilet without doing anything.

The reason why Saint Simon was so popular among the prominent schools of thought in Dashun is that the situation of "a group of people who are capable of becoming the ruling class but are politically marginalized" was caused by Liu Yu's practical learning in Dashun.

On the Dashun side, the practical learning school naturally has its own attitude:

The times have changed.

The industrial age has arrived. The rulers, bureaucratic groups, or the ruling class (not the ruling class) of the industrial age should be us, the group of people who study practical learning, physics, navigation, agriculture, mathematics, economics, industry, invention, technical backbones, inventors, industrial capitalists, colonists, officers, etc.

As for you landlords, gentry, people who came from the imperial examination system, and hundreds of thousands of students, the era of your rule should have ended, and it is time for us to take over. You are just standing in the toilet without taking a shit. If you all die, it will have no impact on Dashun, but it may be better - these people think that any idiot can be a rentier landlord, and what skills are needed to collect rent?

And just as Lao Ma analyzed in "The Eighteenth Brumaire":

【A large group of rich and luxurious bureaucrats, this is the most suitable "Bonapartism" for the second Bonaparte. Since Bonaparte had to create an artificial class parallel to the real classes of society, and for this class, preserving his ruling system is as urgent as the issue of rice bowls, then how can things not be like this? Because of this, one of his first financial measures was to raise the salaries of officials, which had been reduced, to their original levels, and to create new official positions with fixed salaries.]

[…The pinnacle of “Bonapartism” is that the army has an overwhelming advantage…]

In short, the class interests behind the Dashun group of practical school are industrial and commercial capital and the emerging class.

And they themselves can also use the relatively complete official system and military system of Dashun to become part of this system, thereby replacing those old landlords, and still accommodating enough practical school students to have a good life, whether they become officials or officers.

This is actually the Dashun practical school’s [The blue sky is dead, the yellow sky should be established].

Saint-Simon looked down on the landlords, nobles, kings, judges, etc. under the old system of France, and thought they were all trash. Let them go and let the industrialists take over, and France will be better.

The Dashun practical school looked down on the students, Confucian scholars, landlords, gentry, etc. under the old system, and thought they were all trash. Let them go, let the practical school take over, the world will be better.

That time and that moment, just like now.

Of course, the things on the Dashun side are still somewhat special.

Financial capital and commercial capital actually like small real estate ownership. This is convenient for them to lend money, for small farmers to mortgage land, and for them to manipulate prices to buy low and sell high.

As for industrial capital, in Dashun, it actually focuses more on situations like the well salt in southern Sichuan - they believe that in places like well salt, landlords are a burden in the production process and are useless, so it is better to nationalize them and then rent them to them at a low price.

As for the labor force in industry, the small real estate ownership will produce a steady stream of potential wage workers who have nothing but labor in the process of gradual merger, so they don't care too much.

Therefore, the affairs of Dashun are ultimately promoted by a group of people who at least say that they want to "take the world as their own responsibility".

From the perspective of economic determination alone, the bourgeoisie of Dashun has no motivation to carry out land reform - the land system of Dashun and France before 1993 are completely different. The French land system after the storm of 1993 is more similar to the old system before 1993 than the land system after the storm.

The land issue is another issue that Dashun cannot avoid.

Including those Confucian scholars of the retro school, they also focus on the land issue. The saying that "equal distribution of land is the most benevolent policy in the world" was itself proposed by Confucian scholars of the retro school. As for the more retro well-field system, the king's field system, etc., they still have to touch the land issue.

Therefore, the industrialist technology dominance theorists of the Dashun School of Realism, their ideas about "orderly industrial development" are derived from a different direction from Saint-Simon's deduction in history, but they are just the same.

As mentioned earlier, the three crooked classics of the Dashun School of Realism had basically taken shape before Liu Yu ran away.

And the Malthusian economics ridiculed by Liu Yu as a variant is essentially a "generalized underconsumption theory".

As mentioned earlier, this thing can lead to several results. It can even be deduced that the pure rentier class who "only consumes and does not produce" is an indispensable part of social stability; it can also be reversed from Luxemburg to deduce that "external expansion and occupying more colonies with non-capitalist production systems is the only feasible way to accumulate capital."

And so on and so forth.

As long as you want to deduce, from landlords to nobles, from money lenders to external expansion, from the tenancy system to imperialism, all can be deduced as "inevitable" or "reasonable".

And the faction that gradually became a prominent school on the Dashun side, their reasoning was also deduced from the three crooked classics.

First of all, are small farmers within the capitalist production system?

No, because Liu Yu quoted Lao Ma's words at the beginning, that is, the difference between the two types of private ownership.

So, expanding the number of small farmers, or expanding the number of small farmers who own the fruits of their own labor, is it also a way to expand the market outside the non-capitalist production system?

Take the textile industry as an example.

The cotton plantations in Java, India; the cotton textile mills in Songsu... and so on, are all within the capital subject production system.

Because of the inherent problems of the capitalist production system, if you want capital accumulation, you certainly can't say that the wages paid, depreciation, etc. added together just happen to consume all the cotton cloth. If that's the case, then what's the point of accumulation? Where is the surplus value?

So, what is the problem that is hindering the continued development of Dashun's industry?

The market is small.

Historically, imperialism fought for colonies.

The question is, where can Dashun go to grab colonies now? In other words, the way to increase the market by expanding colonies alone, because of the size of Dashun itself and the fact that Europe had not yet gained a foothold in India in the 18th century, Dashun occupied all the "colonies" as soon as it came up, and there was really no way to expand it.

Europe could naturally continue to liberalize tariffs, but because of its delivery capabilities, Dashun was not smart enough and obviously could not win. Pulling 10,000 or 20,000 people over was not enough to fill the gaps in the teeth of those European countries that had already begun to centralize power.

So, how to expand the market? To solve the problem of insufficient consumption and hinder the continued expansion of industry?

According to the theoretical variant of the Three Curious Classics, it is easy to draw a conclusion: create a group of small farmers.

Because small farmers are not in the capitalist production system, they are also commodity buyers of non-capitalist production relations in theory.

A group of people who are outside the production system of the capital subject, whose labor results belong to their own control, and who have not been deprived of their labor results by capital.

This is different from plantations and large farms.

If the capital of large farms wants to make money, they must ensure that the wages paid are definitely not enough to buy all the food produced on the farm. If the wages paid are equal to the selling price of all the food produced by the farm, what is wrong with the capital? How can capital accumulate?

But small farmers are different.

The fruits of small farmers' labor... in a sense, belong to them.

Therefore, they are the so-called "effective demanders" of commodities such as ironware, agricultural machinery, building materials, textiles, etc., which are already produced in the capitalist production system of Dashun.

Compared with the capitalist production system that must accumulate capital, they are the first type of private ownership that is free from it.

According to the theory of the Three Curious Classics, the second type of private ownership will inevitably lead to the situation that "people in the system cannot afford all the commodities produced in the system." And the expansion of colonies has temporarily reached the bottleneck of this era.

It just so happens that Dashun still has large tracts of land suitable for farming in South Africa, North America, Australia, etc.

At the same time, the land problem within Dashun is another problem that must be solved.

Therefore, the prominent school of thought on the Dashun side continued the idea of ​​equal distribution of land among immigrants, and with the idea of ​​industrialism, put forward the necessity of equal distribution of land for immigrants to cultivate land - the rational reasoning of this necessity has nothing to do with humanistic morality, and is purely for the development of industry. However, due to the long-standing cultural tradition of Dashun, it is inevitable to add a humanistic care slogan of "the most benevolent government in the world".

Of course, the premise here is that "if a small peasant family has 160 acres of land, then he will not let his wife light a lamp to spin and weave cloth in the middle of the night to provide clothes for the whole family, as long as he sells two more carts of corn to buy in the market."

As for whether this premise is true, it should be said that it is probably true. The diligence of farmers is forced out. As long as there is 160 acres of land at home, there is no need to come back and rub cloth after work in the middle of the night.

And the class attribute behind this school of thought is industrial capital.

So, who will pay for the relocation? Naturally, it is impossible to let industrial capital pay, so it must be the rentier landlords and gentry landlords.

Rentier landlords are rentiers, so it is obvious that this wealth is not created by them.

So, in essence, it is still the small farmers who pay.

This is called: let the small farmers pay, use the small farmers' money to send small farmers to immigrate, and then let the small farmers cultivate in the wilds of Fusang to create an effective consumption market for the industrial bourgeoisie.

In this process, the industrial bourgeoisie not only does not have to spend a penny, but also makes huge profits.