Birth of an actor
Chapter 245 "Milk" Screening Group Portrait
Roger Ebert walked into his familiar projection room as if he was coming home, and found his seat accurately in the dark environment with twilight—it was in the last row, in the aisle next to the door Next to it, the chair has been used for many years and has been tilted a bit. Even the shape of the collapsed sponge fits his body very well, it is soft and comfortable.Ebert loves to sit on it for hours of comfortable movie-watching, and he often stretches his feet over the armrests of the chair in front of him, which is a lot of relief for his often sore shoulders and back.
"Want some?" Sitting next to him, Mike Phillips, an old friend who hosts a movie review show, offered a cold sandwich.
"No, thank you, I've eaten at home." Roger Ebert pushed his old friend's hand to show his refusal.
"Okay." Mike Phillips took the sandwich back and put it in the lunch box.Next to his seat were drinks, glasses, blankets, laptops and other items. In fact, not only him, but also other people in the projection room. They piled up their coats and sundries everywhere, as if Came for camping.
This screening room is located on Lake Street in Chicago. It has a long history and is small in size. It can only accommodate fifty seats, and it is often not full, because for more than 20 years, there are only a dozen regular visitors here——Roger Eber Te and his friends are all well-known local film critics—but it is not deserted, because for some film critics, they have already settled here as their second home.
Although these film critics occasionally go out to the movie theater to experience the bigger screen and newer technology, they are still used to being stationed here, and this small screening room is also very famous in Hollywood - no exaggeration Indeed, winners of the Chicago Film Critics Association Awards are often born here—studios are always gracious to be the first to send in copies of their latest movies, which is what respected film critics deserve Welfare.
Roger Ebert glanced at the screen. The movie being played has come to an end. It is "The Interpreter" starring Nicole Kidman and Sean Penn. good.
As soon as the end credits appeared, the screening room became lively, and film critics complained: "The editing is too bad."
"It's a bit like "Basic Instinct", but it's still a low-scoring version."
"I almost fell asleep."
"Exquisite picture, empty connotation."
Someone asked: "What shall we watch next?"
"Watch "Milk," said Roger Ebert. "The film copy has been sent."
"It's so good, I've been wanting to see it for a long time," said Jonathan Rosenbaum, who writes daily film reviews for the Chicago Reader. "My friends in Germany say Milk is a work of art." Absolutely flawless, in every way."
Other critics were also intrigued: "Really? I read Matt Drucci's blog this morning, and he gave this movie a shitload of shit."
"Who's Matt Drucci?"
"The journalist who first reported Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky is now a blogging celebrity."
"There's been so much news about this movie that West Virginia is about to pass a ban."
"Hey, old folks, don't let the turbulent social news affect us." "Film Review" contributor Peter Sozsky said: "We are professional film critics, and we have to be pure when we work. .”
"I agree. This screening room is our sanctuary, and at least here, movies can only be movies."
Roger Ebert also has the same idea. He is also a Catholic, but when he is working, he always puts God aside first, and enjoys every film like an ordinary audience.
Because he has his own newspaper column, his own TV program, and often publishes books. Not long ago, he also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, becoming the first film critic to receive this honor. "Fox" commented that he is an American star. The most influential critic, this is not too far from reality, he knows how much influence he has, how much influence it will have on a movie's prospects, so he must cherish feathers.What's more, if he wasn't objective and fair enough, he wouldn't be able to have the status he has today.
Roger Ebert took out the items he used to carry when watching movies, including a delicate loose-leaf notebook, a blue pen that had been with him for many years, and a pack of facial tissues (to wipe the glasses at any time), he used These equipments have written countless film reviews that have wowed readers.
The projectionist pulls rolls of film from a lockbox and threads them through the projector.
The lights in the room dimmed and the movie began.
Roger Ebert has always had high expectations for "Milk". Although the quality of Steven Spielberg's films has declined in recent years and is not as high as in the 90s, the film lineup this time Ultra-high specifications, people can not imagine any possibility of failure.
In order not to lower this expectation, Roger Ebert didn't even go to see the trailer of the movie, and he rarely took the initiative to pay attention to the news related to the movie, so as not to be influenced by European film critics. Now that he finally saw the finished product, he I have to feel that "Milk" is indeed a masterpiece that won the Berlin Golden Bear Award. The lens language and lens hints of this film have reached the pinnacle in terms of skills. Spielberg's filming skills , It really is the most valuable film wealth in the world today.
Roger Ebert took off his pen cap, opened his notebook, and recorded some thoughts on it following his own thoughts.
In addition to the pinnacle of filming skills, the film does not lack Spielberg's unique humanistic care, because although this is a gay film, the main characters are mostly gay, but the film does not so much focus on the gay community. It is even better to describe the process of ordinary people awakening to free will and realizing that if they want to change the rules, they can only follow the rules first, and then change society through elections—this is similar to the Boston Tea Party and Martin Luther King’s "I The speeches of "Have a Dream" all have subtle similarities. In the long run, they have had a profound impact on that era, on the LGBT community, and even on the political, economic and cultural aspects of American society today.
Moreover, the reason why Dan White killed Milk is not simply classified as an anti-gay incident or a political struggle incident. The movie deeply excavated the mental journey of the character Dan White, his idealism, his A passion, his pressures and responsibilities, and his homophobia, jealousy, hatred and sentimentality.
The complex portrayal of human nature also makes this character extremely real and full, making it impossible to simply use the word "bad guy" to summarize him. Perhaps it can be said that Dan White is a terrorist who grew up in many traditional environments in the past and even now. The sad epitome of the same person, even the closet person.
The screenwriter certainly fleshes out Dan White's character, but even more valuable is Leonardo DiCaprio's performance, which is hardly like the actor Roger Ebert used to know, to be exact , Leonardo gave him a bigger surprise than in "The Aviator".
Of course, Leonardo DiCaprio would not have been able to contribute such outstanding acting skills if he had no rivals. William Bradley played a down-to-earth dreamer, a passionate and eloquent leader and a qualified Politicians, and that's exactly what Harvey Milk - the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin Film Festival has already shown him.
"Milk" should be nominated for an acting Oscar next year's awards season, Roger Ebert thought, no, maybe two.
Roger Ebert showed a smile of pure joy. He had just thought of a wonderful description, so he immediately wrote it down. Then, he frowned and thought deeply, tore off the page and casually discarded it at his feet.
In the process of watching the movie, Roger Ebert has discovered that compared with the commonly used front and back shooting, Spielberg uses more camera movement (camera pan) to replace editing points, which is also beneficial. For example, a smoother lens can bring a stronger sense of realism to the audience.
At the final climax of the movie, when Dan White, played by Leonardo, entered the city hall through the window and was about to murder Harvey Milk, the continuous long shots and the textbook-like lens language directly stared at a bunch of people.
Mike Phillips unconsciously adjusted his posture and sat crookedly. Peter Sotsky patted the front seat and asked the person in front to put his feet off the back of the seat to block the He lost his sight, and Jonathan Rosenbaum unknowingly drank Coke into the sweater. He wiped it in a hurry, and couldn't help admiring: "This long shot is perfect!"
This is a long shot full of huge amounts of information. Through the constant changes in scheduling, the change of person, angle, and scene, every movement of the characters is well-founded, and the emotional rendering is in place. It is very easy to immerse yourself in this scene. In the atmosphere of the plot, he didn't even want to blink his eyes more.
It can be said that simply relying on this long shot, "Milk" can secure an Oscar nomination for Best Picture in advance.
Roger Ebert was even more delighted. He wrote page after page of notes—the handwriting was very scribbled, probably only he himself could understand what was written—the sound of turning pages became more and more Big, he obviously fell into a kind of high creative passion.
Roger Ebert didn't stop writing until the end of the movie and the last line of credits was finished. He straightened up, stretched himself, let out a happy sound, lowered his head and counted the notebooks, and found himself He has already written more than a dozen pages of short reviews—not counting the ones that were torn up and thrown away—after he gets home, he will organize these trivial thoughts into a formal film review and publish it in his newspaper column. on the TV show.
After the ending song was played, the auditorium was still silent. Roger Ebert looked around and found that most of his friends were still sitting in chairs, carefully reminiscing about the movie, individual film critics and his actions just now. , who were busy organizing their thoughts and writing them down, seemed to have been inspired a lot by the film.
When Mike Phillips asked him what he thought of the movie, Roger Ebert gave him his signature thumbs-up.
Roger Ebert would give "Milk" four stars, and his perfect score has always been four stars.
……
Almost all the hot topics in the North American summer vacation this year were monopolized by "Milk", even if there was "Star Wars Episode 3: Revenge of the Sith" with a higher box office, and "Harry Potter and the Movie" with more fans. Goblet of Fire, but in the following years, when mentioning this summer, the first thing countless media and movie fans thought of was "Milk".
Because the news related to this movie is not only on the entertainment page, but also on the political, economic, social life, and even international news pages. The popularity and influence are enough to write a book.
The premiere box office of "Milk" was 700 million U.S. dollars. In terms of subject matter, the box office performance is very good but not outrageous. The height is a bit scary.
According to statistics, on the day of the premiere, in New York, San Francisco, Boston, Philadelphia and other cities, the attendance rate of "Milk" all exceeded 90.00%, and this does not include the data including film critics and the media.
Moreover, the early word-of-mouth of the film was very good. Just after the premiere of the film, the Rotten Tomatoes website unbanned the first wave of media reviews, and the freshness reached 100%. On other rating sites such as Metacritic and MovieTickets, the average media score reached On the Fandango website, which relies entirely on fan ratings as the scoring mechanism, more than 92 viewers gave "Milk" four and a half stars. The audience reputation on the ticketing company CinemaScore is A, and IMDb also has a rating of 1100. More than 3000 people scored a high score of 8.9.
But soon, an organized and premeditated campaign against "Milk" began—the reason why it is certain that these acts were organized and premeditated is because some conservative groups and celebrities really stood up to make such a call , and the ratings of the movie subsequently suffered a cliff-like drop.
The first to jump out was Matt Drudge, a well-known North American media personality. He became famous for first breaking the news about the Clinton scandal. , Drudge knows how to get attention, he often "outspoken" in his blog column, just like the eve of the release of "Milk", Drudge wrote in his blog: "A film that violates the "Bible" It's not worth even one minute of a gay flick with the Federal Constitution."
John Gibson, the host of FOX News, said that this is a movie about freaks, and more freaks will be created, and the traditional social order will be destroyed.
Genie Shalit, a film critic on NBC's morning show "Today Show," who reviewed recent movies, kept making nasty jokes about the actors in "Milk," For example, he described James Frank's Scott Smith as a "sex maniac" and deliberately called Tobey Maguire a Spider-Gay-Man.
But these are already relatively moderate. More conservative politicians and the media spread more vicious curses in various interviews and talk shows. They also called some extremists to IMDb and other websites to give "Milk" crazily scored one point, causing a sharp decline in the film's rating.
For example, on the Rotten Tomatoes website, the film suddenly received more than 97 reviews in a short period of time, and most of these reviews were negative, so it also formed a miracle, that is, the freshness of the film (North American film critics and media Rating) is still above 43%, but the popcorn index (user rating) has dropped to 57%, which means that [-]% of the audience do not like this movie.
If this index is true, it will refresh the career records of William and Spielberg, plus Leonardo-as a well-known director and actor with a good vision for films, they have also No work has ever been so low on the Rotten Tomatoes index.
But "Milk" is not without supporters. Many well-known North American film critics, including Roger Ebert, have given the film high praise, saying that it is the best LGBT film ever, and even the best biographical film. The film review columns of "New York Times", "Los Angeles Times", "Washington Post" and "Chicago Tribune" are all standing for "Milk".
Oprah Winfrey, David Letterman, Ellen DeGeneres, Conan O'Brien and other talk show hosts also talked about their love for "Milk" on their shows. DeGeneres also talked about the boycott of films. She said that the appearance of films such as "Milk" is a historical necessity. Even if there is no such film this year, someone will make it sooner or later in the future. An open social environment requires more diverse films.Some people boycotted "Milk" not only for this movie, but because they felt the trend, feared the rise of this type of movie, and feared that the LGBT group would have more and more voices, so they desperately slandered resist.
Countless young movie fans have pointed out on the Internet that "Milk" is likely to be maliciously attacked. Expert hackers found evidence that the movie was badly reviewed by a large number of fake accounts. Related topics are discussed very hotly, and the click-through rate is also very alarming. ——It is worth mentioning that social networks such as Facebook have also played an important role as a platform—it has also attracted the attention of many TV news and newspapers. High scores indicate support.
The direct impact of this is that Rotten Tomatoes and IMDb took the initiative to issue a statement to the media, explaining that they have cleaned up the abnormal ratings on the website, and will regularly check out fake accounts in the future, and impose certain restrictions on new registered accounts. The popcorn index of "Milk" on the Rotten Tomatoes website rose back to 71%, and the IMDb score also stabilized at around 8.5 points.
The war on the Internet was won by "Milk", but offline, everything is far from over.
Larry Miller, a rich man in Utah, who owns the NBA Utah Jazz and a theater chain, publicly announced that his movie theaters would ban the screening of "Milk" on the grounds that "the idea of this movie betrays tradition and is very dangerous."—— Some people say it's really unnecessary, Larry Miller is a Mormon.
The largest anti-gay organization in North America, Exodus, launched a large-scale signature boycott campaign, which raised more than [-] supporters and held joint activities in various cities, calling on "normal people", especially members of evangelical Christian organizations, to block highways or interstates Highways, protesting with placards in City Hall and Union Square, boycotting the release of "Milk", and some radicals throwing dangerous objects at movie theaters.In larger cities like New Orleans, movie theaters have canceled screenings due to unbearable harassment. In Utah and Alabama, local governments have responded to public appeals and banned films.
Originally, the box office of "Milk" was gratifying in the first week, and it was necessary to expand the screening. Now, to be on the safe side, the original screening scale is maintained.
Where there's a boycott, there's an anti-boycott, and the Gay Anti-Defamation League took out ads in the Los Angeles Times and Entertainment Weekly in support of the film's release, arguing that anti-gay groups shouldn't forcefully interfere with what movies people want to see.Some movie fans conducted fundraising activities on the Internet, and used the donations to make many subway advertisements all over the United States, some of which were kept until a few years later.
In Washington, New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Boston, Seattle, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and other places, there are also LGBT groups organizing solidarity activities for "Milk". The scale is no less grand than the annual pride month.
In Washington, D.C., supporters gathered on the National Mall, backed by the Lincoln Memorial, and some seniors spread out on the grass the rainbow tapestry they had shown to the Clintons here more than ten years ago;
In New York, hundreds of people gathered in Union Square, chanting "Over the rainbow, the sky is blue";
In San Francisco, Castro Avenue was full of men and women in love;
In Chicago, confronted by police officers who violently ejected them, some rushed directly to the Chicago Police Department, flooding the front door with rainbow flags and rainbow balloons. …
Later, the "New York Times" used this passage to comment on the movement caused by the movie: "The significance of Harvey Milk is not only about that era, not only about the LGBT group. Those who fight are the epitome of every group fighting for equality. Such stories have been staged many times in the past, and they will not disappear in the future of mankind."
……
AMC Cinemas is the second largest theater group in North America and the second in the world, and AMC is headquartered in Kansas. Therefore, Kansas City has the most abundant theater resources in the two middle continents of Missouri and Kansas. Yes, the biggest movie theater in the city is showing "Milk".
Although it is not a prime time, the attendance rate of the afternoon screening of "Milk" is still good. Almost [-]% of the seats are full. Most of the audience are young people, and there are also older men and women. Calculate balance.
Halfway through the movie screening, the audience was watching the movie quietly. Suddenly there was the sound of breaking the door and running. Four people, three men and one woman, rushed to the screen. Their figures blocked the characters, which annoyed many audiences who were immersed in the plot. Annoying, just when someone wanted to yell at the four, a woman in the front row screamed: "Guns! They have guns!"
The lights in the hall were turned on, and the movie stopped showing. Now everyone could see clearly. Among the four people in front of the curtain, a young man in a hoodie was holding a pistol in his hand and was gesticulating towards the auditorium. Three of his accomplices shouted at the audience: "Hands up!"
At this moment, everyone panicked. Those who could still maintain their rationality immediately squatted in front of their seats and raised their hands. Some people were so frightened that they could only scream. After being pointed at by the young man in the hoodie, Immediately covered his mouth with his hand, and said "woooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo" in horror.
The audience didn't expect that they would encounter the biggest nightmare of their lives just after watching a movie. Gunmen rushed into the movie theater?How unlucky it is to encounter such a thing!People can only pray desperately to God in their hearts at this moment, and pray that these four people will not be anti-social demons!
"Everyone squat under the seats!" At this moment, the voice of "Savior" sounded: "You four, raise your hands."
The panic-stricken audience's first reaction after hearing the order was to obey. After everyone squatted on the ground and tried their best to cover their figures with their seats, someone secretly observed, wanting to know what is happening at this critical moment. Who came forward—they thought it would be a plainclothes police officer, but it turned out to be a very energetic elderly white male who was confronting the four with a shotgun.
The atmosphere in the movie theater froze. The elderly man and the four gangsters looked at each other and refused to give way to each other. The air was extremely tense for a while.
Many people thought that there would be an exchange of fire and that there would definitely be casualties after the shootout, but what everyone didn't expect was that the four gangsters looked at each other and raised their hands, even the one holding the pistol. The young man in the hoodie was no exception, and he begged tremblingly, "Don't shoot, please!"
"Throw away the gun in your hand, and get out." The old man continued to order. His shotgun was always aimed at the young man in the hoodie steadily. Judging from his posture, he must have rich hunting (shooting) experience.
As soon as the words fell, the young man in the hoodie threw away the pistol without the slightest hesitation, then greeted his companions, and the four rushed out of the movie theater.
The four gangsters disappeared and never came back. Everyone in the cinema couldn't believe it at first, but after a while they cheered for the rest of their lives. Some hugged their companions and wept bitterly, and some expressed their gratitude to the heroes with excitement. of.
And the elderly man who saved everyone, accepted people's thanks very calmly, calmly put the shotgun into his golf bag, and waited for the police to arrive—yes, he was still there with the four gangsters. The police were called immediately after escaping.
After a while, the Kansas City police arrived, and the reason they came late was to arrest the four criminals.
Next, the Kansas police announced to everyone that they had solved the case, and the truth was ridiculous-it turned out that the four were members of a local Christian evangelical organization, and one of them was a minor. The reason for entering movie theaters and intimidating audiences was to boycott the release of Milk.The four were not real gangsters, and the pistols they were holding were also fake guns purchased through eBay. Their original plan was to break into at least five movie theaters and create a big news, so that everyone in Kansas would not dare to enter the movie theater to watch "Kids" However, they did not expect to encounter movie fans carrying real guns in their first action. The four of them had no choice but to flee. The original boycott plan was naturally aborted, and they were finally caught by the police.
In the end, Kansas Cinema also came out to finish. The manager of the cinema said that they would compensate the cinema for everyone and told them that they could watch the next episode of "Milk" for free. However, a small number of viewers accepted the theater's arrangement, including the heroic elderly man.
The sensitivity of the American media to news has always been top-notch, not to mention that this sudden incident of breaking into a movie theater with guns involved the most topical movies nowadays, as well as homosexuality and minors, which fully qualified to become a hot headline!
Starting from the local media in Kansas, to the news programs of CNN, ABC, NBC, FOX and other TV stations, and then to the print media such as the "New York Times", the incident of four armed youths breaking into the movie theater quickly became the hottest news in the United States. And triggered in-depth discussions from multiple angles and levels.
For example, some media questioned that heroic passerby, what kind of audience would go to the movies with a shotgun?Is this legal?And why did the Kansas police turn a blind eye to this?
Arthur Bradley has his own explanation for this—yes, he is the elderly man who stepped forward to save everyone at a critical moment. William also discovered that his grandfather had become a All-American celebrity.
"I don't carry a gun with me every day, but I just went hunting that morning." Arthur Bradley explained: "Now I have a few mallards and sandpipers in the trunk. "
“Tomorrow my attorney is flying to Kansas, and he’s going to contact the DA and the police to see if he can avoid prosecution.” William now fears that Arthur Bradley will be prosecuted for carrying a gun in public.
"No, I have a concealed weapon permit issued by the police department, and the prosecutor will not trouble me."
States in the United States have different levels of strictness on gun control, but almost every state implements the "Concealed Weapon Act", which allows some people who have passed background checks and received training to conceal firearms in most cases.
Since Arthur has a hunting license and a concealed weapon license, William is not too worried, but he still showed a certain degree of fear about this matter. What if the guns held by those four people were real guns?He couldn't imagine if Arthur was so lucky to be safe and sound.
But Arthur Bradley has no regrets at all: "Someone wants to mess with your movie? Then they have to ask me first."
……
Exodus is very, very, very hating on "Milk" these days - yes, the Kansas Four who made headlines in the United States not long ago happened to be members of Exodus, and by coincidence, they were reported by the media come out.
If the four men who broke into the Kansas movie theater had real guns and caused a tragedy, then the whole thing would be a tragedy, but the reality is that four young people tried to drive "Milk" out of the theater with a fake gun market, but encountered an elderly man’s rebellion, which became a black humor comparable to the plot of a movie, entertaining people all over the United States and around the world.
Exodus, the largest anti-gay organization in North America, has almost become a joke because of these four idiots.
Of course, the members of the organization refused to admit their stupidity, so they redoubled their hatred of "Milk". In addition to actively planning boycott activities, this movie has also become a banned film within the organization, and everyone is not allowed to watch it It does not allow discussion, even with a critical attitude.
This made Alan Chambers, the chairman of Exodus, need to drive to another city by himself, and put on a hat and glasses, and made layers of camouflage before he dared to enter the cinema to buy a ticket for "Milk".
He knew what he was doing was wrong, but his curiosity and desire for the movie haunted him all the time, until he walked into the cinema.
'Watching a movie doesn't change anything, I just come to get to know my enemies. ' Allen Chambers thought to himself as he waited for the film to open, 'I will never betray God. '
Alan Chambers' plan at the beginning was to watch the movie with a scrutiny and try not to let it affect him, but what he didn't expect was that the movie went into in his heart.
The first half of Harvey Milk's life hidden in the cabinet, and his subsequent dare to challenge the change of the social rules at that time, made Alan Chambers think of a person, the original founder of Exodus and the biggest traitor Michael · Bercy.
Exodus's first president, Michael Busey, was a postwar baby boomer who, as a child, was afraid of being interested in the opposite sex and knew it was a sinful thing to do.In that era, homosexuality was usually diagnosed as a perversion and sent to a mental hospital for compulsory treatment. Bossy didn't want to suffer that kind of ending. He wanted to find a way to save people like himself, so he and a few friends lived together in Los Angeles. Exodus was founded in the basement of the church.
The name comes from the "Old Testament", which tells the story of God's redemption of the people. The members of the organization also firmly believe that through devout faith, God can save them from the pain of homosexuality.
With the help of the church, Exodus quickly developed and became the largest gay treatment organization in North America. However, in 1979, Michael Busey fell in love with Gary Cooper, another member of the organization. Both quit the organization.
Alan Chambers was born more than ten years later than Michael Busey, but since he became the chairman of Exodus in 2001, Chambers has dealt with him a lot, because Michael Busey, the founder of Exodus, Now the organization's staunchest opponents, the two have met at many of the organization's events and held several public debates.Of course, in the end, no one was able to convince anyone.
Alan Chambers identified with Dan White more than he found Michael Busey in Harvey Milk. He saw himself in the other... This realization made him restless , This is definitely a bad signal, he should have escaped from here immediately, but in the end, his sensibility overwhelmed his reason, and he did not leave.
Like many brothers and sisters in the organization, Alan Chambers discovered that he was more interested in the same sex than the opposite sex when he was a child. Since the age of 11, he has prayed to God every day "I don't want to be gay" , joined Exodus at the age of 19. Because of his devoutness and activeness, he quickly became a senior executive. Later, he got married, adopted two children, and had a typical American-style happy family. Later, he became a Chairman, often flying around the world, giving speeches here and there, declaring that he has been saved by God, has successfully changed his sexual orientation, and he has established himself as a banner and the best promotional material for Exodus.
To say what are the substantial similarities between him and Dan White, there is probably only their origin. They were both born in traditional Christian families, but as Harvey Milk described Dan White in a line in the movie: "I know the stress and fear he's going through, and I can see in his eyes the lies the world has been telling him."
Alan Chambers understands the education and pressure that Dan White has received in his family and traditional culture. When he interacts with his wife, baptizes his son, and is promoted by the police station to be a spokesperson, he has the kind of "living into life". The pressure to be what other people want” is the same pressure that Chambers is carrying.
From the perspective of the audience, Alan Chambers can easily name Dan White's labels, idealism, tradition, responsibility, homophobia (or deep cabinet?), naivety, weakness, jealousy, impulsiveness, hatred... However, do these labels also exist on himself?
The film depicts in many details the homosexuality of the 70s and [-]s once exposed
"Want some?" Sitting next to him, Mike Phillips, an old friend who hosts a movie review show, offered a cold sandwich.
"No, thank you, I've eaten at home." Roger Ebert pushed his old friend's hand to show his refusal.
"Okay." Mike Phillips took the sandwich back and put it in the lunch box.Next to his seat were drinks, glasses, blankets, laptops and other items. In fact, not only him, but also other people in the projection room. They piled up their coats and sundries everywhere, as if Came for camping.
This screening room is located on Lake Street in Chicago. It has a long history and is small in size. It can only accommodate fifty seats, and it is often not full, because for more than 20 years, there are only a dozen regular visitors here——Roger Eber Te and his friends are all well-known local film critics—but it is not deserted, because for some film critics, they have already settled here as their second home.
Although these film critics occasionally go out to the movie theater to experience the bigger screen and newer technology, they are still used to being stationed here, and this small screening room is also very famous in Hollywood - no exaggeration Indeed, winners of the Chicago Film Critics Association Awards are often born here—studios are always gracious to be the first to send in copies of their latest movies, which is what respected film critics deserve Welfare.
Roger Ebert glanced at the screen. The movie being played has come to an end. It is "The Interpreter" starring Nicole Kidman and Sean Penn. good.
As soon as the end credits appeared, the screening room became lively, and film critics complained: "The editing is too bad."
"It's a bit like "Basic Instinct", but it's still a low-scoring version."
"I almost fell asleep."
"Exquisite picture, empty connotation."
Someone asked: "What shall we watch next?"
"Watch "Milk," said Roger Ebert. "The film copy has been sent."
"It's so good, I've been wanting to see it for a long time," said Jonathan Rosenbaum, who writes daily film reviews for the Chicago Reader. "My friends in Germany say Milk is a work of art." Absolutely flawless, in every way."
Other critics were also intrigued: "Really? I read Matt Drucci's blog this morning, and he gave this movie a shitload of shit."
"Who's Matt Drucci?"
"The journalist who first reported Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky is now a blogging celebrity."
"There's been so much news about this movie that West Virginia is about to pass a ban."
"Hey, old folks, don't let the turbulent social news affect us." "Film Review" contributor Peter Sozsky said: "We are professional film critics, and we have to be pure when we work. .”
"I agree. This screening room is our sanctuary, and at least here, movies can only be movies."
Roger Ebert also has the same idea. He is also a Catholic, but when he is working, he always puts God aside first, and enjoys every film like an ordinary audience.
Because he has his own newspaper column, his own TV program, and often publishes books. Not long ago, he also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, becoming the first film critic to receive this honor. "Fox" commented that he is an American star. The most influential critic, this is not too far from reality, he knows how much influence he has, how much influence it will have on a movie's prospects, so he must cherish feathers.What's more, if he wasn't objective and fair enough, he wouldn't be able to have the status he has today.
Roger Ebert took out the items he used to carry when watching movies, including a delicate loose-leaf notebook, a blue pen that had been with him for many years, and a pack of facial tissues (to wipe the glasses at any time), he used These equipments have written countless film reviews that have wowed readers.
The projectionist pulls rolls of film from a lockbox and threads them through the projector.
The lights in the room dimmed and the movie began.
Roger Ebert has always had high expectations for "Milk". Although the quality of Steven Spielberg's films has declined in recent years and is not as high as in the 90s, the film lineup this time Ultra-high specifications, people can not imagine any possibility of failure.
In order not to lower this expectation, Roger Ebert didn't even go to see the trailer of the movie, and he rarely took the initiative to pay attention to the news related to the movie, so as not to be influenced by European film critics. Now that he finally saw the finished product, he I have to feel that "Milk" is indeed a masterpiece that won the Berlin Golden Bear Award. The lens language and lens hints of this film have reached the pinnacle in terms of skills. Spielberg's filming skills , It really is the most valuable film wealth in the world today.
Roger Ebert took off his pen cap, opened his notebook, and recorded some thoughts on it following his own thoughts.
In addition to the pinnacle of filming skills, the film does not lack Spielberg's unique humanistic care, because although this is a gay film, the main characters are mostly gay, but the film does not so much focus on the gay community. It is even better to describe the process of ordinary people awakening to free will and realizing that if they want to change the rules, they can only follow the rules first, and then change society through elections—this is similar to the Boston Tea Party and Martin Luther King’s "I The speeches of "Have a Dream" all have subtle similarities. In the long run, they have had a profound impact on that era, on the LGBT community, and even on the political, economic and cultural aspects of American society today.
Moreover, the reason why Dan White killed Milk is not simply classified as an anti-gay incident or a political struggle incident. The movie deeply excavated the mental journey of the character Dan White, his idealism, his A passion, his pressures and responsibilities, and his homophobia, jealousy, hatred and sentimentality.
The complex portrayal of human nature also makes this character extremely real and full, making it impossible to simply use the word "bad guy" to summarize him. Perhaps it can be said that Dan White is a terrorist who grew up in many traditional environments in the past and even now. The sad epitome of the same person, even the closet person.
The screenwriter certainly fleshes out Dan White's character, but even more valuable is Leonardo DiCaprio's performance, which is hardly like the actor Roger Ebert used to know, to be exact , Leonardo gave him a bigger surprise than in "The Aviator".
Of course, Leonardo DiCaprio would not have been able to contribute such outstanding acting skills if he had no rivals. William Bradley played a down-to-earth dreamer, a passionate and eloquent leader and a qualified Politicians, and that's exactly what Harvey Milk - the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin Film Festival has already shown him.
"Milk" should be nominated for an acting Oscar next year's awards season, Roger Ebert thought, no, maybe two.
Roger Ebert showed a smile of pure joy. He had just thought of a wonderful description, so he immediately wrote it down. Then, he frowned and thought deeply, tore off the page and casually discarded it at his feet.
In the process of watching the movie, Roger Ebert has discovered that compared with the commonly used front and back shooting, Spielberg uses more camera movement (camera pan) to replace editing points, which is also beneficial. For example, a smoother lens can bring a stronger sense of realism to the audience.
At the final climax of the movie, when Dan White, played by Leonardo, entered the city hall through the window and was about to murder Harvey Milk, the continuous long shots and the textbook-like lens language directly stared at a bunch of people.
Mike Phillips unconsciously adjusted his posture and sat crookedly. Peter Sotsky patted the front seat and asked the person in front to put his feet off the back of the seat to block the He lost his sight, and Jonathan Rosenbaum unknowingly drank Coke into the sweater. He wiped it in a hurry, and couldn't help admiring: "This long shot is perfect!"
This is a long shot full of huge amounts of information. Through the constant changes in scheduling, the change of person, angle, and scene, every movement of the characters is well-founded, and the emotional rendering is in place. It is very easy to immerse yourself in this scene. In the atmosphere of the plot, he didn't even want to blink his eyes more.
It can be said that simply relying on this long shot, "Milk" can secure an Oscar nomination for Best Picture in advance.
Roger Ebert was even more delighted. He wrote page after page of notes—the handwriting was very scribbled, probably only he himself could understand what was written—the sound of turning pages became more and more Big, he obviously fell into a kind of high creative passion.
Roger Ebert didn't stop writing until the end of the movie and the last line of credits was finished. He straightened up, stretched himself, let out a happy sound, lowered his head and counted the notebooks, and found himself He has already written more than a dozen pages of short reviews—not counting the ones that were torn up and thrown away—after he gets home, he will organize these trivial thoughts into a formal film review and publish it in his newspaper column. on the TV show.
After the ending song was played, the auditorium was still silent. Roger Ebert looked around and found that most of his friends were still sitting in chairs, carefully reminiscing about the movie, individual film critics and his actions just now. , who were busy organizing their thoughts and writing them down, seemed to have been inspired a lot by the film.
When Mike Phillips asked him what he thought of the movie, Roger Ebert gave him his signature thumbs-up.
Roger Ebert would give "Milk" four stars, and his perfect score has always been four stars.
……
Almost all the hot topics in the North American summer vacation this year were monopolized by "Milk", even if there was "Star Wars Episode 3: Revenge of the Sith" with a higher box office, and "Harry Potter and the Movie" with more fans. Goblet of Fire, but in the following years, when mentioning this summer, the first thing countless media and movie fans thought of was "Milk".
Because the news related to this movie is not only on the entertainment page, but also on the political, economic, social life, and even international news pages. The popularity and influence are enough to write a book.
The premiere box office of "Milk" was 700 million U.S. dollars. In terms of subject matter, the box office performance is very good but not outrageous. The height is a bit scary.
According to statistics, on the day of the premiere, in New York, San Francisco, Boston, Philadelphia and other cities, the attendance rate of "Milk" all exceeded 90.00%, and this does not include the data including film critics and the media.
Moreover, the early word-of-mouth of the film was very good. Just after the premiere of the film, the Rotten Tomatoes website unbanned the first wave of media reviews, and the freshness reached 100%. On other rating sites such as Metacritic and MovieTickets, the average media score reached On the Fandango website, which relies entirely on fan ratings as the scoring mechanism, more than 92 viewers gave "Milk" four and a half stars. The audience reputation on the ticketing company CinemaScore is A, and IMDb also has a rating of 1100. More than 3000 people scored a high score of 8.9.
But soon, an organized and premeditated campaign against "Milk" began—the reason why it is certain that these acts were organized and premeditated is because some conservative groups and celebrities really stood up to make such a call , and the ratings of the movie subsequently suffered a cliff-like drop.
The first to jump out was Matt Drudge, a well-known North American media personality. He became famous for first breaking the news about the Clinton scandal. , Drudge knows how to get attention, he often "outspoken" in his blog column, just like the eve of the release of "Milk", Drudge wrote in his blog: "A film that violates the "Bible" It's not worth even one minute of a gay flick with the Federal Constitution."
John Gibson, the host of FOX News, said that this is a movie about freaks, and more freaks will be created, and the traditional social order will be destroyed.
Genie Shalit, a film critic on NBC's morning show "Today Show," who reviewed recent movies, kept making nasty jokes about the actors in "Milk," For example, he described James Frank's Scott Smith as a "sex maniac" and deliberately called Tobey Maguire a Spider-Gay-Man.
But these are already relatively moderate. More conservative politicians and the media spread more vicious curses in various interviews and talk shows. They also called some extremists to IMDb and other websites to give "Milk" crazily scored one point, causing a sharp decline in the film's rating.
For example, on the Rotten Tomatoes website, the film suddenly received more than 97 reviews in a short period of time, and most of these reviews were negative, so it also formed a miracle, that is, the freshness of the film (North American film critics and media Rating) is still above 43%, but the popcorn index (user rating) has dropped to 57%, which means that [-]% of the audience do not like this movie.
If this index is true, it will refresh the career records of William and Spielberg, plus Leonardo-as a well-known director and actor with a good vision for films, they have also No work has ever been so low on the Rotten Tomatoes index.
But "Milk" is not without supporters. Many well-known North American film critics, including Roger Ebert, have given the film high praise, saying that it is the best LGBT film ever, and even the best biographical film. The film review columns of "New York Times", "Los Angeles Times", "Washington Post" and "Chicago Tribune" are all standing for "Milk".
Oprah Winfrey, David Letterman, Ellen DeGeneres, Conan O'Brien and other talk show hosts also talked about their love for "Milk" on their shows. DeGeneres also talked about the boycott of films. She said that the appearance of films such as "Milk" is a historical necessity. Even if there is no such film this year, someone will make it sooner or later in the future. An open social environment requires more diverse films.Some people boycotted "Milk" not only for this movie, but because they felt the trend, feared the rise of this type of movie, and feared that the LGBT group would have more and more voices, so they desperately slandered resist.
Countless young movie fans have pointed out on the Internet that "Milk" is likely to be maliciously attacked. Expert hackers found evidence that the movie was badly reviewed by a large number of fake accounts. Related topics are discussed very hotly, and the click-through rate is also very alarming. ——It is worth mentioning that social networks such as Facebook have also played an important role as a platform—it has also attracted the attention of many TV news and newspapers. High scores indicate support.
The direct impact of this is that Rotten Tomatoes and IMDb took the initiative to issue a statement to the media, explaining that they have cleaned up the abnormal ratings on the website, and will regularly check out fake accounts in the future, and impose certain restrictions on new registered accounts. The popcorn index of "Milk" on the Rotten Tomatoes website rose back to 71%, and the IMDb score also stabilized at around 8.5 points.
The war on the Internet was won by "Milk", but offline, everything is far from over.
Larry Miller, a rich man in Utah, who owns the NBA Utah Jazz and a theater chain, publicly announced that his movie theaters would ban the screening of "Milk" on the grounds that "the idea of this movie betrays tradition and is very dangerous."—— Some people say it's really unnecessary, Larry Miller is a Mormon.
The largest anti-gay organization in North America, Exodus, launched a large-scale signature boycott campaign, which raised more than [-] supporters and held joint activities in various cities, calling on "normal people", especially members of evangelical Christian organizations, to block highways or interstates Highways, protesting with placards in City Hall and Union Square, boycotting the release of "Milk", and some radicals throwing dangerous objects at movie theaters.In larger cities like New Orleans, movie theaters have canceled screenings due to unbearable harassment. In Utah and Alabama, local governments have responded to public appeals and banned films.
Originally, the box office of "Milk" was gratifying in the first week, and it was necessary to expand the screening. Now, to be on the safe side, the original screening scale is maintained.
Where there's a boycott, there's an anti-boycott, and the Gay Anti-Defamation League took out ads in the Los Angeles Times and Entertainment Weekly in support of the film's release, arguing that anti-gay groups shouldn't forcefully interfere with what movies people want to see.Some movie fans conducted fundraising activities on the Internet, and used the donations to make many subway advertisements all over the United States, some of which were kept until a few years later.
In Washington, New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Boston, Seattle, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and other places, there are also LGBT groups organizing solidarity activities for "Milk". The scale is no less grand than the annual pride month.
In Washington, D.C., supporters gathered on the National Mall, backed by the Lincoln Memorial, and some seniors spread out on the grass the rainbow tapestry they had shown to the Clintons here more than ten years ago;
In New York, hundreds of people gathered in Union Square, chanting "Over the rainbow, the sky is blue";
In San Francisco, Castro Avenue was full of men and women in love;
In Chicago, confronted by police officers who violently ejected them, some rushed directly to the Chicago Police Department, flooding the front door with rainbow flags and rainbow balloons. …
Later, the "New York Times" used this passage to comment on the movement caused by the movie: "The significance of Harvey Milk is not only about that era, not only about the LGBT group. Those who fight are the epitome of every group fighting for equality. Such stories have been staged many times in the past, and they will not disappear in the future of mankind."
……
AMC Cinemas is the second largest theater group in North America and the second in the world, and AMC is headquartered in Kansas. Therefore, Kansas City has the most abundant theater resources in the two middle continents of Missouri and Kansas. Yes, the biggest movie theater in the city is showing "Milk".
Although it is not a prime time, the attendance rate of the afternoon screening of "Milk" is still good. Almost [-]% of the seats are full. Most of the audience are young people, and there are also older men and women. Calculate balance.
Halfway through the movie screening, the audience was watching the movie quietly. Suddenly there was the sound of breaking the door and running. Four people, three men and one woman, rushed to the screen. Their figures blocked the characters, which annoyed many audiences who were immersed in the plot. Annoying, just when someone wanted to yell at the four, a woman in the front row screamed: "Guns! They have guns!"
The lights in the hall were turned on, and the movie stopped showing. Now everyone could see clearly. Among the four people in front of the curtain, a young man in a hoodie was holding a pistol in his hand and was gesticulating towards the auditorium. Three of his accomplices shouted at the audience: "Hands up!"
At this moment, everyone panicked. Those who could still maintain their rationality immediately squatted in front of their seats and raised their hands. Some people were so frightened that they could only scream. After being pointed at by the young man in the hoodie, Immediately covered his mouth with his hand, and said "woooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo" in horror.
The audience didn't expect that they would encounter the biggest nightmare of their lives just after watching a movie. Gunmen rushed into the movie theater?How unlucky it is to encounter such a thing!People can only pray desperately to God in their hearts at this moment, and pray that these four people will not be anti-social demons!
"Everyone squat under the seats!" At this moment, the voice of "Savior" sounded: "You four, raise your hands."
The panic-stricken audience's first reaction after hearing the order was to obey. After everyone squatted on the ground and tried their best to cover their figures with their seats, someone secretly observed, wanting to know what is happening at this critical moment. Who came forward—they thought it would be a plainclothes police officer, but it turned out to be a very energetic elderly white male who was confronting the four with a shotgun.
The atmosphere in the movie theater froze. The elderly man and the four gangsters looked at each other and refused to give way to each other. The air was extremely tense for a while.
Many people thought that there would be an exchange of fire and that there would definitely be casualties after the shootout, but what everyone didn't expect was that the four gangsters looked at each other and raised their hands, even the one holding the pistol. The young man in the hoodie was no exception, and he begged tremblingly, "Don't shoot, please!"
"Throw away the gun in your hand, and get out." The old man continued to order. His shotgun was always aimed at the young man in the hoodie steadily. Judging from his posture, he must have rich hunting (shooting) experience.
As soon as the words fell, the young man in the hoodie threw away the pistol without the slightest hesitation, then greeted his companions, and the four rushed out of the movie theater.
The four gangsters disappeared and never came back. Everyone in the cinema couldn't believe it at first, but after a while they cheered for the rest of their lives. Some hugged their companions and wept bitterly, and some expressed their gratitude to the heroes with excitement. of.
And the elderly man who saved everyone, accepted people's thanks very calmly, calmly put the shotgun into his golf bag, and waited for the police to arrive—yes, he was still there with the four gangsters. The police were called immediately after escaping.
After a while, the Kansas City police arrived, and the reason they came late was to arrest the four criminals.
Next, the Kansas police announced to everyone that they had solved the case, and the truth was ridiculous-it turned out that the four were members of a local Christian evangelical organization, and one of them was a minor. The reason for entering movie theaters and intimidating audiences was to boycott the release of Milk.The four were not real gangsters, and the pistols they were holding were also fake guns purchased through eBay. Their original plan was to break into at least five movie theaters and create a big news, so that everyone in Kansas would not dare to enter the movie theater to watch "Kids" However, they did not expect to encounter movie fans carrying real guns in their first action. The four of them had no choice but to flee. The original boycott plan was naturally aborted, and they were finally caught by the police.
In the end, Kansas Cinema also came out to finish. The manager of the cinema said that they would compensate the cinema for everyone and told them that they could watch the next episode of "Milk" for free. However, a small number of viewers accepted the theater's arrangement, including the heroic elderly man.
The sensitivity of the American media to news has always been top-notch, not to mention that this sudden incident of breaking into a movie theater with guns involved the most topical movies nowadays, as well as homosexuality and minors, which fully qualified to become a hot headline!
Starting from the local media in Kansas, to the news programs of CNN, ABC, NBC, FOX and other TV stations, and then to the print media such as the "New York Times", the incident of four armed youths breaking into the movie theater quickly became the hottest news in the United States. And triggered in-depth discussions from multiple angles and levels.
For example, some media questioned that heroic passerby, what kind of audience would go to the movies with a shotgun?Is this legal?And why did the Kansas police turn a blind eye to this?
Arthur Bradley has his own explanation for this—yes, he is the elderly man who stepped forward to save everyone at a critical moment. William also discovered that his grandfather had become a All-American celebrity.
"I don't carry a gun with me every day, but I just went hunting that morning." Arthur Bradley explained: "Now I have a few mallards and sandpipers in the trunk. "
“Tomorrow my attorney is flying to Kansas, and he’s going to contact the DA and the police to see if he can avoid prosecution.” William now fears that Arthur Bradley will be prosecuted for carrying a gun in public.
"No, I have a concealed weapon permit issued by the police department, and the prosecutor will not trouble me."
States in the United States have different levels of strictness on gun control, but almost every state implements the "Concealed Weapon Act", which allows some people who have passed background checks and received training to conceal firearms in most cases.
Since Arthur has a hunting license and a concealed weapon license, William is not too worried, but he still showed a certain degree of fear about this matter. What if the guns held by those four people were real guns?He couldn't imagine if Arthur was so lucky to be safe and sound.
But Arthur Bradley has no regrets at all: "Someone wants to mess with your movie? Then they have to ask me first."
……
Exodus is very, very, very hating on "Milk" these days - yes, the Kansas Four who made headlines in the United States not long ago happened to be members of Exodus, and by coincidence, they were reported by the media come out.
If the four men who broke into the Kansas movie theater had real guns and caused a tragedy, then the whole thing would be a tragedy, but the reality is that four young people tried to drive "Milk" out of the theater with a fake gun market, but encountered an elderly man’s rebellion, which became a black humor comparable to the plot of a movie, entertaining people all over the United States and around the world.
Exodus, the largest anti-gay organization in North America, has almost become a joke because of these four idiots.
Of course, the members of the organization refused to admit their stupidity, so they redoubled their hatred of "Milk". In addition to actively planning boycott activities, this movie has also become a banned film within the organization, and everyone is not allowed to watch it It does not allow discussion, even with a critical attitude.
This made Alan Chambers, the chairman of Exodus, need to drive to another city by himself, and put on a hat and glasses, and made layers of camouflage before he dared to enter the cinema to buy a ticket for "Milk".
He knew what he was doing was wrong, but his curiosity and desire for the movie haunted him all the time, until he walked into the cinema.
'Watching a movie doesn't change anything, I just come to get to know my enemies. ' Allen Chambers thought to himself as he waited for the film to open, 'I will never betray God. '
Alan Chambers' plan at the beginning was to watch the movie with a scrutiny and try not to let it affect him, but what he didn't expect was that the movie went into in his heart.
The first half of Harvey Milk's life hidden in the cabinet, and his subsequent dare to challenge the change of the social rules at that time, made Alan Chambers think of a person, the original founder of Exodus and the biggest traitor Michael · Bercy.
Exodus's first president, Michael Busey, was a postwar baby boomer who, as a child, was afraid of being interested in the opposite sex and knew it was a sinful thing to do.In that era, homosexuality was usually diagnosed as a perversion and sent to a mental hospital for compulsory treatment. Bossy didn't want to suffer that kind of ending. He wanted to find a way to save people like himself, so he and a few friends lived together in Los Angeles. Exodus was founded in the basement of the church.
The name comes from the "Old Testament", which tells the story of God's redemption of the people. The members of the organization also firmly believe that through devout faith, God can save them from the pain of homosexuality.
With the help of the church, Exodus quickly developed and became the largest gay treatment organization in North America. However, in 1979, Michael Busey fell in love with Gary Cooper, another member of the organization. Both quit the organization.
Alan Chambers was born more than ten years later than Michael Busey, but since he became the chairman of Exodus in 2001, Chambers has dealt with him a lot, because Michael Busey, the founder of Exodus, Now the organization's staunchest opponents, the two have met at many of the organization's events and held several public debates.Of course, in the end, no one was able to convince anyone.
Alan Chambers identified with Dan White more than he found Michael Busey in Harvey Milk. He saw himself in the other... This realization made him restless , This is definitely a bad signal, he should have escaped from here immediately, but in the end, his sensibility overwhelmed his reason, and he did not leave.
Like many brothers and sisters in the organization, Alan Chambers discovered that he was more interested in the same sex than the opposite sex when he was a child. Since the age of 11, he has prayed to God every day "I don't want to be gay" , joined Exodus at the age of 19. Because of his devoutness and activeness, he quickly became a senior executive. Later, he got married, adopted two children, and had a typical American-style happy family. Later, he became a Chairman, often flying around the world, giving speeches here and there, declaring that he has been saved by God, has successfully changed his sexual orientation, and he has established himself as a banner and the best promotional material for Exodus.
To say what are the substantial similarities between him and Dan White, there is probably only their origin. They were both born in traditional Christian families, but as Harvey Milk described Dan White in a line in the movie: "I know the stress and fear he's going through, and I can see in his eyes the lies the world has been telling him."
Alan Chambers understands the education and pressure that Dan White has received in his family and traditional culture. When he interacts with his wife, baptizes his son, and is promoted by the police station to be a spokesperson, he has the kind of "living into life". The pressure to be what other people want” is the same pressure that Chambers is carrying.
From the perspective of the audience, Alan Chambers can easily name Dan White's labels, idealism, tradition, responsibility, homophobia (or deep cabinet?), naivety, weakness, jealousy, impulsiveness, hatred... However, do these labels also exist on himself?
The film depicts in many details the homosexuality of the 70s and [-]s once exposed
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