[Comprehensive History] Clothes are all over the world

The turn of mid-spring and late spring is the last spring festival of the year, called Qingming.

Since Qingming, most of China has lost its winter colors and put on spring clothes. The land thaws and green grass sprouts. It is a good time for spring.

This day is still the day of the small festival.

Chinese people attach great importance to their ancestors. The family has two major sacrifices in a year, namely the winter solstice ancestor worship and the Chinese New Year sacrifice. , If there are official duties that are inseparable, I will also burn a stick of incense towards my home during the agreed sacrifice to show my heart.

Compared with the two major sacrifices, the rules of the minor sacrifices are much looser.

The small sacrifice is a day to pay respects to the ancestors of the direct lineage, usually the anniversary of the death of the family members. Tomb-sweeping Festival sacrifices only emerged after the Tang and Song Dynasties, and were basically finalized in the Ming Dynasty. Of course, the outing was not delayed.Therefore, tomb-sweeping and ancestor worship and outings have become the two major etiquette themes of Qingming Festival.

Therefore, an interesting scene will happen on the Ching Ming Festival.

When the sky is bright, the gate of the city will be full of people like the toll gate of the expressway out of the city on holidays. Some of these people go to the suburbs to sweep graves, and some of them drag their families to the mountains for an outing. One is happy and the other is sad. , they do not interfere with each other.

However, for most Ming officials, this day does not have any special significance, because...

On this day, no, let, leave!

Yes, it is that cruel.For those who cook, a holiday without a holiday is soulless. What is the difference between a holiday without a holiday and no holiday?

And under the leadership of the workaholic Emperor Hong Wu, there are countless such soulless festivals.

Civil servants in the Ming Dynasty have no other holidays throughout the year except for the Spring Festival, the Winter Solstice and Zhu Yuanzhang’s birthday. Hard public office.

Compared with them, most of the current civil servants are actually relatively happy, and there is no fear of their lives for the time being.

Today's Hongwu Emperor's wife and son are hot on the kang. It is the time when the spring breeze is proud of the young life. Generally speaking, it is relatively easy to talk, and even made cold jokes that everyone couldn't laugh at when they went to court.Compared with ten years later, everyone has to write a suicide note every day before going out, and the working environment is not a hundred times a thousand times more friendly.

Although there is no holiday, it is not impossible for veterans in the officialdom to fish. For example, there is a spring festival ceremony during the Ching Ming Festival. In addition to high-level officials who must be present, middle-level and lower-level officials can chat and fart in the government office. , and the spring cakes that will be rewarded from above.

Now, the busiest spring plowing of the year has not officially started, and everyone can still seize this last opportunity to bask in the sun and be salted fish.

but!This year's Fengyang government office did not enjoy this wave of benefits.

After Qingming, Emperor Hongwu, who worshiped his parents, returned to Yingtian Mansion, but left his son and grandson behind.

As a local government, the leader and the leader's son are here, so you can't put on a salty fish look, so the officials in the entire Fengyang Mansion are busy with their feet from top to bottom, showing a busy attitude.

However, after all, it was just the beginning of the new year, and there were not many official duties in the government office, so everyone soon realized that there was really nothing to do.It happened that the spring plowing was about to start, so the officials put on their bamboo hats one after another, and went to the field to find old farmers and tenants as "persuading farmers" with their agricultural books.

Although it's tiring to be outside in the sun all day long, at least you don't have to look at the princes and grandchildren in the government office.

In other words, what are these two great Buddhas doing every day?He didn't go out every day, just staring at a few assistant officials of the Eastern Palace who were fiddled with the abacus with the population and property of Fengyang Mansion.

At first, everyone thought it was calculating the land tax, and they were a little nervous, but later they found out that it was calculating the population.

Why count the population?Could it be that they are going to move to Fengyang Mansion again?But don't do it, the population here is already large enough, and it will be difficult to manage if there are too many people. They are still thinking about how to move the population to the surrounding areas.

The prefect and a group of officials all wailed in their hearts.

If Mu Bai knew what they were thinking, he would definitely roll his eyes.

It would be wrong to think that [population is not important], no matter what era, people are the greatest resource.

In this world, there are only resources that cannot supply the population, and there is no excessive population.

Moreover, no data can explain the problem better than the population data of a city.Whether the country is governed well, whether the local officials are conscientious, and whether the resources are in place can be seen from the birth rate, death rate and population migration rate.Especially the birth rate.

In the era when Mu Bai lived, the birth rate of children was an important assessment target for officials. The reason why his friends were able to turn the tables was because of a series of policies to increase the population. Mu Bai is still right now. Those slogans are impressive.

What is it like giving wine to a dog for a son, and pigs for a daughter.

There is a set of things like giving birth to a guarantee, giving birth to two honors, giving birth to three national praises, and so on.

Just relying on the soaring population and that momentum, his little partner successfully overthrew the old enemy and became the overlord of the party.

Now someone actually told him that the population is not important?Hehe, people who say this must be because they do not need labor in their locality, but this kind of place does not include Fengyang.

If Mubai's plan works, it could soon become a huge labor market.

What else needs people more than mining and developing industry and commerce?

Yes, what Mubai is targeting is the quartz mine in Fengyang, which has so much reserves that his teammates put it on the must-remember list, and quartz is the most important raw material for making glass.

Fengyang has a convenient transportation environment, abundant water resources, abundant labor force, and a superior geographical location close to the capital of the Ming Dynasty. These are the cornerstones for the development of glass manufacturing and supporting businesses here.

You must know that glass is resistant to heat and cold, but its hardness is extremely low. If it bumps along the way, it can shatter itself just by colliding with itself. In order to avoid unnecessary losses, the closer the manufacturing and supply places are, the better.From this point of view, Fengyang's position is unique, and...

The quartz mine in Fengyang is exposed on the ground, not to mention how convenient it is to dig.

All in all, in Mu Bai's eyes, Fengyang is really good, but the only problem now is how pure the quartz sand in Fengyang is and whether it contains impurities that are difficult to remove with today's technology.

However, there is no need for Mubai to worry about these for the time being. Craftsmen with experience in firing glassware are already trying to use local raw materials for firing.According to the request of Xiao Huangsun, they did not adopt the previous method of firing this time, but used the blowing method that was popular in the previous Tang Dynasty.

Yes, the blowing method also appeared in the history of Huaguo. During the Tang Dynasty when Buddhism was prevalent, glazed ware became a vessel for worshiping Buddha because of its many descriptions in line with Buddhism. However, worshiping Buddha is relatively small after all. It is difficult to enter the life of ordinary people, so the blowing method was only a flash in the pan, and was soon replaced by the modeling method that was fond of fake jade in the Liao and Song Dynasties.

But if you think that the blowing method can only make glass ornamental vessels with a hollow stomach, you are wrong. Under the action of centrifugal force, the glass glue rolled on the top of the blowpipe can become a perfectly round glass sheet.

Although the glass sheet made by this method cannot be made too large, it is uniform in thickness, and its transparency is much higher than that of glassware using the model method, and it is not easy to produce air bubbles, which is just right for making glass windows.

And the hollow ones may not only be vases, but also lampshades.

As a poor student who suffered from oil lamps for two years because he had no money to buy candles, Mu Bai was somewhat obsessed with lamps.Therefore, when the craftsmen of the East Palace asked about the first utensil maker of the blowing method, Mu Bai chose the lampshade without hesitation.

And he chose not a transparent candle lampshade, but a kerosene lampshade.

The kerosene lamp is a very magical thing. It is a completely imported product, but no matter in terms of use time and shape, it has been played well in China, and its popularity and sales have even surpassed its hometown.

However, in the crappy zombie world that Mu Bai experienced, because the power system basically collapsed, kerosene lamps took over the market again by relying on its durability, cheapness and safety.

However, the reason why Mu Bai was able to know the structure of the kerosene lamp was entirely because it was his class prop ==

Don't look at the seemingly simple structure of this thing. If you disassemble it, you will find that it contains a lot of technical content and physical knowledge. The little friend used the kerosene lamp as a prop to explain the extremely abstract concept of oxygen and hot and cold air to him. .

Also using organic matter and thread as fuel and medium, the brightness of kerosene lamps is much higher than that of ordinary candles and oil lamps. In addition to the fuel itself, its structure also contributes—the extremely simple structure satisfies the greatest extent. All the items needed for adequate combustion.

There is an equal-distance perforated oxygen inlet under the button that fastens the wick tightly, which can ensure that each angle of the wick can basically enter the same amount of oxygen, so as to achieve the purpose of evenly burning the cotton thread at every angle.

But this is not enough, if only like this, the lit kerosene lamp will only be a little brighter than ordinary oil lamps, and the real finishing touch is actually the gourd-shaped glass lampshade.

The wide-shaped lampshade in the middle can supply sufficient oxygen where the wick burns, and the tight and thin lamp tubes at the top and bottom can speed up the air flow and increase the oxygen intake.Therefore, even if it is an oil lamp using the same fuel, the brightness when there is a lampshade and the brightness when there is no lampshade are completely two levels.

Such lampshades can also work well on ordinary candles. The first batch of glass lampshades produced were immediately used by the father and son. Zhu Biao also sent several finished products to the old father, which was praised by Emperor Hongwu himself.

However, Mu Bai didn't take it seriously. What's the matter? His ultimate goal - the kerosene lamp is still under production.

It’s not that Mu Xiaobai is picky. In fact, no matter whether it is kerosene oil or candle oil, the viscosity is too high. Their physical characteristics doom them to not be able to completely contact the air after burning the fuel like kerosene lamps. Therefore, the combustion of the two is different. Completely, the brightness is naturally not as good as kerosene lamps.

For the sake of his eyesight, Mu Bai still wants to do it in one step.

But now all the processes are stuck on the oil fractionation. Daming does not have any oilfields that are being exploited. Fortunately, some craftsmen rummaged through the warehouse to find some crude oil remnants from a hundred years ago.

This must be thanks to Da Song.

In fact, as early as the Song Dynasty, the exploration and utilization of oil had been added to the Song Dynasty's technology tree, but the use at that time was relatively rough, and the people of the Song Dynasty directly used crude oil as fuel.

I don’t know which talented Song Dynasty person invented a musket called fierce fire oil tank. Oil is poured into the copper tank, and then the oil is sprayed out through hydraulic methods. As long as the front-end ignition port is lit, this The big copper cabinet instantly becomes a ferocious flamethrower.

Whether it is in the defense of the city or in the sea battle, this thing is a great weapon, and neither the Liao people nor the Jin people have suffered from this guy.

Because of this, the nomads put this thing on the shelf immediately after they came to power, but fortunately, the history of the Yuan Dynasty was relatively short, and they didn't pay much attention to technology and raw materials, which allowed everyone to find some fish that slipped through the net in the warehouse.

However, after such a long time, whether these crude oils can still be used is still open to question.

Mu Bai wrote all the principles he knew on paper and handed them over to the craftsmen of the East Palace, and he could only let the craftsmen freely develop the rest.

Although the production of kerosene lamps is still a long way off, the fact that Fengyang's quartzite can be used to make glass is progressing rapidly.

After the first round glass with high transparency and no small bubbles was installed on the back door of the side hall of Wenhua Hall, the mining of Fengyang Yanshan was basically a certainty, and the only resistance came from the ancestors of Mubai.

After all, this is where the Ming Emperor's Mausoleum is located, where the grandparents of Zhu Yuanzhang's parents, Zhu Biao, are buried.If you knock on the grave of the emperor's parents every day, dust and noise will be a problem.

No matter how you look at it, jumping in front of the graves of your ancestors is not in line with Daming's core values, and there are some differences of opinion between the government and the opposition.Most people's opinion is that making glass is a good thing, but if there is no stone anywhere, you can look for it in other places, avoiding Fengyang.

Mubai expressed his opposition to this, not to mention that the cost would be much higher if mining was not done here, and it would not be able to achieve the purpose of stimulating local employment.Could it be that Fengyang will not develop just because the imperial mausoleum is here?

According to this standard, Yingtian Mansion also has an imperial mausoleum. In the future, it is better for people in Yingtian Mansion not to talk, so as not to disturb the future residents here.

Prospective resident Zhu Yuanzhang waved his hand, fasted for two days, and then ran to the Taimiao for divination. When he finally came out, he said that his parents didn't care at all, which allowed the whole renovation project to continue.

So, he soon received a thank-you gift from his grandson - the world's first kerosene lamp.

The light is very bright, there is no smoke, the brightness can be adjusted manually, and the burning time is very long. In short, everything is good.

This is the shape...

Emperor Hongwu stared at the copper oil lamp, which was made into the shape of a dragon head with teeth and claws, and then used two big eyeballs to light the lamp. He was silent for a long time, touched his chin and said to Empress Ma who was also speechless: "Should we also train our grandson's aesthetics?" ?”

Why is the eldest grandson who has read a lot of books more rustic than his rough aesthetics?

The author has something to say: A letter to the imperial grandfather:

Grandpa, Zhan Xinjia, everything is going well here with your grandson, and it's going smoothly. I just sent you a newly made glass, which can be placed on the window frame to attract light.

But this is an experimental product, and the technology is not yet mature, so it's better for Grandpa not to put it in a more formal place.

The grandson knows where the grandpa may be troubled, so does the grandson have a little suggestion?

Sun Tzu thinks that the back door of the side hall of Wenhua Hall is in a good position.Dig a hole in the door there and put a piece of glass, so that you can clearly see the situation of the little prince and grandson studying from the outside without disturbing them!Only in this way can we see the real hard work of the children.

And this is an aboveboard supervision, not peeping!

Of course, the grandson just made a small suggestion, and he didn't mean to ask the grandpa to catch the little uncle and his younger brother's pigtails, nor did he envy the little uncle and his younger brothers who could read leisurely but still be lazy because he was so busy. It means that I have no intention of watching a good show because I have graduated and don't need to go to school. Grandpa, you understand.

Sincerely, your lovely, simple, sincere and ungrateful grandson.

... The child doesn't know what to say, so the emperor decides.

←Prince ink batch

……………… I think it’s okay, but we need to pay attention to the way of educating children.

↑ Emperor Hongwu Zhu Zhu