i have a small world

The emperors' pursuit of immortality is so crazy. It can be said that in order to be immortal, these emperors are willing to give everything, and some even lead to the collapse of the country. As a result, these emperors still failed to achieve immortality. What they want is to prolong their lifespan, or die directly in the so-called immortality pill. It can be said that immortality has harmed many emperors.

Of course, when the emperors pursued immortality, they still had some benefits. Some emperors prolonged their lifespan because of their pursuit of immortality.

We must know that in ancient society, people's life expectancy was very low, and the average life expectancy was only about 30 years old.

So why did ancient people live so short?
One is that the medical conditions at that time were backward, and what seems to be a very common problem now was helpless at that time.

For example, typhoid fever, Hua Xiaoshuan in Lu Xun's works has no cure for this disease. His father is eager to love his son and wants to carry on the family, so he has to listen to superstition and bake him with human blood steamed buns, but in the end it doesn't help. Hua Xiaoshuan died.

This is still a modern thing, and it will be even worse in the future. It is conceivable how many people will die for such a small problem.

Also, in ancient times, due to the backwardness and lack of medical conditions, once a plague or some large-scale infectious disease occurred, the serious consequences would be unimaginable to us now.

In history, there have been several particularly huge plagues, and the consequences of these plagues are really.
in these plagues.The most famous is the Black Death, the people who died because of the Black Death in history.That's a lot.

The Black Death was one of the deadliest plagues in human history.It is generally believed to be caused by a bacterium called plague, but more recently it has been suggested to be caused by other diseases.

The origin of the plague has caused widespread controversy among experts.Some historians believe that the Black Death began in China or Central Asia in the 30s and [-]s, and was carried by merchants and soldiers to the southern Ke-li-Mei-Ya of the Bear Kingdom in the following years.

In the 40s, the epidemic spread from Creme to Western Europe and North Africa. The Black Death caused as many as 7500 million deaths worldwide, of which 2500 million to 5000 million died in Europe. .

The total number of deaths in World War I and World War II was not so many, which shows how harmful the plague is!
One of the symptoms of the Black Death is that many black spots will appear on the skin of the patient, so this special plague is called the "Black Death".

For those who contract the disease, a painful death is almost inevitable.There is no possibility of any cure.

The bacteria that caused the plague were carried by fleas hiding in the fur of black rats.

In the 14th century, black rats were abundant and once the disease occurred, it spread rapidly.Between 1348 and 1350, a total of 2500 million Europeans died of the Black Death.However, this epidemic did not stop there, and it happened again and again in the next 40 years.

Before the plague bacteria broke out again in the 14s, it had been dormant in the Gobi Desert of Asia for hundreds of years.After that, it quickly spread with the blood of the fleas on the rats, from China to Central Asia and Turkey along the caravan trade route, and then brought to Italy by ship to Italy, and entered Europe.

The dense population of Europe has become the powder keg for this disease. In three years, the Black Death ravaged the entire continent of Europe, and then spread to the Bear Country.Nearly one-third to half of the population of Bear Country died.

The plague was not only very harmful in ancient society, but also in modern society.There are also extremely harmful plagues, the most representative of which are infectious diseases including AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.

United Nations World Health Organization (who) spokesman Greg Riga Lee Hart said. "This move marks an important step for mankind in the fight against infectious diseases. If no measures are taken - these three infectious diseases are likely to completely destroy the human economy and social structure. On the contrary, if the world's richest country Being able to contribute to this together will change things fundamentally."

It is understood that there are currently 3500 million HIV-infected people in the world, 70% of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa, where 1100 million people have died so far on AIDS.

One-third of AIDS patients eventually die of tuberculosis, which kills 200 million people every year and infects another 800 million people, almost all of them in developing countries.

Malaria can be transmitted only by mosquito bites. In Africa, it kills 100 million people every year.

The World Health Organization estimates that in developing countries, the three infectious diseases of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria have caused countries to suffer huge losses.Among them, in the African countries south of the Sahara, in the past 35 years, only one infectious disease, malaria, has caused a loss of one-third of the gross domestic product.

Ransi President Hi-Lacke said at a major AIDS conference that he would urge the leaders of other countries at the G-[-] meeting to support improved medical care in developing countries.

Judging from the past situation, the promises made by the Group of Eight-National Countries often cannot be fulfilled in the end.

For example, in 1999, the Group of Eight announced that it would cut the debt of the world's poorest countries by 1000 billion yuan, but so far, no country has taken specific actions.

With this in mind, the World----Charity----------Medical----Health-Health-Health--Health--Front--Front-line (msf), which actively calls for the provision of cheap medicines to poor countries, warns Said that the G-Group of Eight must use practical actions to realize the promises made.

MSF spokeswoman Sa-Man-Sha-Pol-Dun said, "The Group of Eight should provide funds to help developing countries produce some common medicines, such as antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of AIDS. Free these countries from dependence on foreign big pharmaceutical companies."

In addition, it is also very important to encourage and support the research work of public research institutions.The research and development of new drugs should not be monopolized by a large multinational company like a commodity.

The treatment of tuberculosis is a prominent example.The only vaccine currently available was discovered in 1923. Since then, almost no one has studied new and more effective drugs.After more than 30 years of use, this vaccine called tb is not only expensive, but also has a gradual decline in efficacy.

"Tuberculosis is a poor man's disease. If you get TB, you have to stay in the hospital for months, you can't work, and that's simply unaffordable for many people," Pol-Ten said.

The second is that men at that time generally had to support many children.As the saying goes, many sons are blessed.

For example, there is Sanduo Hall in the west of the mountain, also known as the Cao Family Courtyard, located in Beikuang Village, Taigu County, 7 kilometers away from the Qiao Family Courtyard. It was founded by Cao Sanxi, the founder of the Cao Family in Taigu. The Cao family has a brilliant foundation. Sanduo means many sons, many blessings, and long life. Sanduotang is very famous.

In fact, this is only because China is mainly based on farming reclamation, a family-inherited concept. In fact, to put it bluntly, a large population requires more effort and more labor.Only then can they support the whole family, but people's energy is limited, so at that time.Under the dominance of this concept, all men's lifespans are prematurely buried on the grinder, and the result can be imagined.

The third is that it is directly related to polygamy in ancient times.

Polygamy is not a matter of simple talk.Since it is a wife, a man has to fulfill his responsibilities as a husband.

Neither is good.If you are partial, the family is prone to conflicts.The chickens and dogs are restless.

But on this issue, which man can be so impartial? In fact, it is not that men do not want to be impartial, but that so many wives, in terms of emotions, interests, love for children, and inheritance of family business In the world, everyone thinks that men are biased.This can't be blamed on women, no one can change women's love of being jealous.

The problem is, if it’s just jealousy, then that’s fine. The point is, although women’s status seemed inferior at that time, women fought openly and secretly in private, just like queens and concubines in the palace. Can't wait to kill and kill, this makes the man a big headache.

When we read some ancient books and classics, it may not be difficult to find such a problem in today's TV dramas. Just imagine, even the emperor has no way to solve this problem fundamentally. What can ordinary people do? ?
no way.So this makes men always in a situation where they are showing off their power, pretending to be empty, but also short of heroism and unable to recover.

If things go on like this, how can life expectancy not be compromised.

At the same time, polygamy exhausts a man's energy. It is inevitable for a man to work hard for such a large family during the day, and he has to take care of his wives at night.

We know that in the past, the more powerful and rich the man, the more wives and concubines there are. If you have to take care of so many wives and concubines, it may be difficult to settle it without using all your strengths.

Look at Xi-Men-Qing in "Water Margin"—of course, this is not a good bird, and he is mentioned here just to study his short life from his wives and concubines.

For his own selfish desires, this person did not hesitate to frame his friends, murder and kill him. He had many wives and concubines. As a result, according to the records, Ximen Qing, who was only 33 years old, burned out all the oil and died.

In fact, it is not strange to say, what kind of situation did the emperor live in ancient times, is it the king's land in the whole world, is it the king's minister on the shore of the land, the life he lives, compared to his Ximen Qing, it is a heaven, a underground.

But so what, isn't it the same short-lived short-lived ones who died young?There is no way, who made them have a lot of concubines before all their milk hairs faded. This is also a chronic disease of wealth, deep-rooted, and very difficult to treat.

There are 1911 emperors in the history of China, if counting from Qin Shihuang to Puyi, the last emperor of Qing Dynasty in 335, there were a total of 41 emperors, and their average life expectancy was [-] years old.

In the book "Rong Zhai Essays" written by Hong Mai of the Song Dynasty, there is an article "The Longevity of the Emperor", which is dedicated to the study of the emperor's lifespan.According to his records.Before the Song Dynasty, only five emperors were elderly.They are Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Che (69 years old) and Emperor Wu Sun Quan (70 years old).Liang Wudi Xiao Yan (85 years old), Tang Gaozu Li Yuan (69 years old) and Tang Xuanzong Li Longji (77 years old).In the eyes of the ancients, these five people have all lived to a relatively high age, and they can be called the old birthday stars among the emperors.

Although the average life expectancy of the population in ancient China was only 35 years old, it included a large number of premature deaths.If this factor is removed, the average life expectancy of the ancient population can reach 57 years, much higher than the average life expectancy of the emperors.Why is the average life expectancy of the emperor who is at the peak of power and enjoys a luxurious life so short?

First, the abnormal death rate among the emperor group was high.

Among the more than 300 emperors since Qin Shihuang.147 people died abnormally, and the abnormal death rate was 44%.The safety factor of the "position" of the emperor is too low. There are always many covets for the throne, and they always use violent means. It is not uncommon in history to be beheaded, killed by poison, and executed by claustrophobia.

Second, emperors were generally overworked.

In order to ensure their monopoly of power, they have repeatedly worked hard to crush any threats and challenges to imperial power from others.At the same time, it has to bear a heavy "load".

Qin Shihuang stipulated that he had to read 120 catties of bamboo slips every day before he could rest.On average, Zhu Yuanzhang had to read more than 200 memorials and deal with more than 400 state affairs every day.Emperor Yongzheng reigned for 13 years and wrote more than 1000 million words of Zhu Zhu.Its load and pressure are far beyond what ordinary people can imagine and bear.

Third, the emperors were all indulgent - their desires were endless.

The emperor's harem "has three thousand beauties, and groups of wives and concubines".The emperors had too much sex, exhausting energy and hurting energy.At the same time, jealousy among the harem.It will also bring endless troubles to the emperor.Ming Guangzong ascended the throne for only one month, because he had a few extra women.Just die.

Fourth, there is a lot of psychological pressure in the power field.

The struggle in the court is very cruel, including open and secret struggles between the royal families, and mutual suspicion between the monarch and his ministers.The consequences of doing so will inevitably cause the emperor to appear suspicious, nervous, jealous, anxious, irritated and other bad psychology.

Looking at the 24 histories, nearly a quarter of the emperor's biographies record abnormal personality, psychopathy or even schizophrenia, which is also the reason for the short life of ancient emperors.

Therefore, some historians joked that, from a certain point of view, the emperor was one of the most unfortunate "occupations" in ancient China.

The fourth is a large-scale war.

Every rise and change of dynasty in Chinese history was accompanied by bloody killings and a large population reduction. Even in ancient times, war was still necessary.

The war between the Five Emperors and the surrounding tribes has never been interrupted.The war between Zhuanxu and Gonggong is recorded in "Tianwen Xun" and "Binglue Xun" in "Huainanzi", and the cause was "struggle to become emperor".

The war between Gonggong and Gaoxin can be seen in "Huainanzi. Yuan Dao Xun".

The war between Yao and Sanmiao, "Lushi Chunqiu. Zhao Lei": "Yao fought in the Pu of Danshui to subdue the Nanman."

The war between Shun and the "Four Evils", Shun's war against the Three Miao, and Yu's war against the Three Miao, from the perspective of "Mozi. Fei Gongxia", the scale of this war is quite large.

In the generation of Xia (2033-1562 B.C.), civil wars for power and peripheral wars continued ("Historical Records. Xia Benji").

In the Shang Dynasty, there was the "Ninth Rebellion", starting with Zhong Ding, and the nine kings of the next five generations were all killed for the throne, moved the capital many times, and continued to fight against the surrounding tribes.

In the "Bu Ci" of the Shang Dynasty, 61 times of various wars were recorded.According to the inscription statistics compiled in "Yin Ruins Book Deed Research and Interpretation" (updated version), there are as many as 26 times when Shang defeated Kufang.

Judging from the amount of troops used by the Shang Empire, 3000 or 5000 or even 3 people could be recruited at one time, and 2656 enemies could be killed at one time.The scale of the war is not small.

"The Great Oath" records the words of King Wu of Zhou: "There are hundreds of millions of barbarians in Zhou."

In the Battle of Muye, King Zhou armed 17 (some say 70) slaves at once, proving that King Wu's words were true.

After destroying the Shang Dynasty, King Wu of Zhou led 300 chariots and 5000 tigers. It took three years to eliminate 99 Fang Kingdoms, conquer 652 Fang Kingdoms, and capture 410 million prisoners of war. 40".After that, the Western Zhou Dynasty enfeoffed a large number of vassal states.In the Western Zhou Dynasty (1066-771 BC), internal strife continued and external aggression continued frequently, such as the Wu Geng Rebellion.Conquer the Chu State in the south and conquer the dog army.

3000 years of written history recorded 6 wars!It accounts for about 1/3 of the total number of world wars.

As the saying goes, "there is no separation of powers to overwhelm the country. Totalitarianism has always been at the end of war."

据《春秋》记载，春秋（前770～476）242年间。36位君主被杀，52个诸侯国被灭，大小战事480多起。

战国（前476～221）250年间，仅大规模的战争就有222次……禹时天下万国、西周初期1773国、春秋时1200国，到了战国时期只剩下七国了。

The people of Qin were fond of war. They held human heads in their left hand and held captives under their right arms, chasing and killing their opponents.

According to Sima Qian's records: Qin attacked Wei and killed 8 people, and the five-nation coalition killed 8 people.Kill 2 people by attacking Han, 1 people by attacking Chu, 8 people by attacking Han, 6 people by attacking Chu, 2 people by attacking Han and Wei, 24 people by attacking Wei, and 4 people by attacking Wei , Attacked Korea and killed 10 people.In 4 BC, he attacked Zhao Baiqi and killed 262 people, then attacked Han and killed 42 people, and attacked Zhao to kill 4 people... In 9 BC, Xiang Yukeng Qin surrendered 207 troops.

At the end of the Warring States period, China had a population of 2 million, but the Chinese army far surpassed that of Europe: Qin Shihuang used 50 troops to guard Wuling.30 people defended against the Xiongnu, 50 people grew up, and 130 million people built the Mausoleum of the Qin Emperor in Afang Palace (including more than 70 people who were tortured).As a result, "Ding men are beaten by armor. Ding women are transferred, and life is hard. They pass through the Tao tree, and the dead look at each other" ("Han Shu, Yan An Biography").

The 36th year of Qin Shihuang.A meteor fell, and someone inscribed on the meteorite: "The land of the first emperor died".Qin Shihuang killed all the people living around the meteorite.

Qin Shihuang's harem concubines, who had no sons, were all buried.The craftsmen who built the cemetery, after the funeral, sealed up more than 20 soldiers in the tomb and died unexpectedly; all migrant workers who built the imperial mausoleum in the future will have the same tragic end.

This is the historical record before the Qin Dynasty. After the Qin Dynasty, there were also many large-scale wars, which all led to the extinction of a large number of people.

1. Peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty (209 BC-195 BC): In 207 BC, Xiang Yukeng Qin surrendered 20 troops, and later generations were called Farewell My Concubine. Those who regret the end of the hero have not declined to this day. people?At the end of the Qin Dynasty, there were more than 2000 million people. By the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the population dropped to about 600 million. There were only two to three thousand households left in the original ten thousand households, and 70% of the original population was wiped out.

2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism, reused cruel officials, promoted unjust prisons, deprived people of wealth, severely punished and killed, resorted to military force, and used troops everywhere (fighting for 30 years, conscripting 200 million troops), making people's lives difficult, and the people had to change their children to eat; The population of the country is reduced by half.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was bloodthirsty.In the third year of Yuanguang (132 BC), the minister Guan Fu was beheaded by his family, and Dou Ying was beheaded for public display and his family was exterminated.In the fifth year of Yuanguang (130 BC), Tang Meng, a lieutenant general sent by Emperor Wu, led tens of thousands of people to build the Bashu road. Many people died and many people fled.Tang Meng used the "military prosperity method" to kill soldiers.

At that time, the sorceress Chu Fu and others used witchcraft to teach Empress Chen to curse Wei Zifu so that she could regain favor.Unexpectedly, several months have passed, and there is no verification.When the incident was revealed, Empress Chen was taken back her seal, revoked her honorary title, and imprisoned her in Nagato Palace for life.

Emperor Wu sent Zhang Tang, a cruel official, to thoroughly investigate and deal with it. Chu Fu was beheaded for public display, and more than 300 people involved in Chu Fu's disciples, court ladies, eunuchs, etc. were executed together.

As a result, Emperor Wu promoted Zhang Tang to be a doctor of the Taizhong, and asked Zhang Tang and Zhao Yu to formulate many strict laws, especially the "knowledge law" that encouraged whistleblowing, so that officials had to spy on and expose each other. Up and down, false accusations are common.

In the second year of Yuanshuo (127 BC), the famous knight Guo Xie was beheaded and exterminated.Emperor Wu sent his master father Yan to be the prime minister of the state of Qi, and he was in charge of interrogating Liu Cichang, the king of Qi Li. The king of Qi Li was afraid and committed suicide by taking poison, and the state of Yan was also destroyed.

Zhao Wang Liu Pengzu wrote a letter to Emperor Wu to force Chen Zhufu Yan's crimes. Under the pressure of the vassal states, Emperor Wu killed Zhufu Yan and exterminated the family.

Emperor Wu recruited [-] civilians to build Shuofang City and fortresses, and the treasury was exhausted.

In the third year of Yuanshuo (126 BC), Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Tang, a cruel official, as the Tingwei. He enforced the law completely according to Emperor Wu's likes and dislikes, resulting in many unjust cases.But Prince Liu Ju was kind and generous, and vindicated many unjust cases, which naturally aroused the displeasure of the cruel officials.

Therefore, the ministers who advocated generosity supported the prince more, while the cruel officials slandered him. Moreover, because the cruel officials formed many cliques, there were more speeches that slandered the prince than praised him.

The prince's mother, Queen Wei, has always been cautious and safe, worried that the prince's handling of matters too loosely would cause dissatisfaction with Emperor Wu and the courtiers.Let the prince handle things in accordance with Emperor Wu's intentions.After Emperor Wu learned about it, he made it clear that what the prince did was in line with the law.Even criticized the queen.

3. "Han Shu. Wang Mang Biography" contains "years of drought, ... people eat each other. ... ten (of) seven or eight of the hungry people died"; "Huiji plague, tens of thousands of dead".

公元2年全国人口5959万，经过西汉末年的混战，到光武中元二（公元57）年，人口2100万。中国人口减少3859万。损失率65%。20年间，安西的人口从68万减到28万，大荔从91万减到14万，兴--平--县从83万减到9万，绥--远--县从69万减到2万……

4. Indiscriminate killings at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the melee of the Three Kingdoms

Liang Ji, a relative of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty, served as Yin of Henan.Killed Lu Fang, the order of Luoyang, and then blamed Lu Fang's enemies, killing more than a hundred of his family guests; Yuan Zhong, a doctor, wrote a letter to remonstrate, and was killed. There are more than 60 members of Hu Wu's family; Liang Ji borrowed 5000 million from Sun in order to occupy the wealth of the rich man Sun Fen, but Sun only gave 3000 million.Liang Sui falsely accused Sun Fen, Sun was arrested and died in prison, and Liang Ji confiscated Sun's 7000 million property.

Liang Ji controlled the government for more than ten years. "Daqi Dishe" and "Guangkai Yuanyuan", Liang Ji annexed a billionaire in Fufeng with one sentence, and arrested thousands of peasant children as slaves with one order.He also plundered thousands of women from good families for sexual pleasure, and forcibly enclosed dozens of miles of farmland around Luoyang as a "rabbit garden".A place thousands of miles away was sealed up as Liang's hunting garden; a businessman didn't know the ban.He accidentally killed a rabbit in the garden, and he killed more than ten people successively.

When he travels by car, there are crowds of prostitutes, maidservants and concubines following the car, ringing bells and blowing pipes, singing and singing.Liang Ji's family property is worth 30 million yuan, which is half of the national tax.

In the third year of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty's Yongshou period (157), there were more than 1067 million households and more than 5648 million people in China.

"Book of the Later Han Dynasty. Huandi Ji" records that "the number of people who died of starvation in Yuzhou was four or five, and even some households were wiped out."

After the Yellow Turban Uprising and melee, the population of the country after the Chibi War in 208 AD was 140 million. Cao Cao said that only 1% of the original population survived at that time!

"Hanging a human head in front of a horse, and carrying a woman in the back of a cart", "Bones are exposed in the wild, no rooster crows for thousands of miles, more than one hundred people live, and the thought of it breaks people's hearts."In the Battle of Chibi, Cao Jun suffered tens of thousands of losses.

公元221年人口下降到90万；损失了98.3%。公元265年，三国人口总计才767万。晋武帝太康元年（280）三国复归一统，中国人口只有1616万多人了。人到哪里去了？
One is that the princes from all walks of life fought endlessly and annexed each other, and finally formed the three families of Wei, Shu and Wu.How can the strong sleep on the side of the couch to allow others to sleep peacefully, and the weak would rather be the mouth of a chicken than a queen, all of which must be resolved by force.Most of the people who were killed were ordinary people.

Dong Zhuo sent troops to Yangcheng, where the people were attending the meeting, and beheaded all the men who were attending the meeting. He drove the dead man's cart and oxen, loaded the looted women's belongings into the cart, hung the severed heads on the shaft of the cart, and shouted: He drove back to Luoyang with the slogan of long live, saying that it was the spoils obtained by the thieves, and then burned the heads, and the women who were robbed were assigned to the soldiers as maids and concubines.

According to the records of Dong Zhuo's biography in "Three Kingdoms", in 192 AD, Dong Zhuo's troops attacked Chang'an with Li Wei and Guo Si. Eat a little."In two years, hundreds of thousands of households were left with very few people, and the land was completely desolate.

After Emperor Liu Xie escaped from Chang'an, he lived in a gate made of thorns, and many court ladies starved to death on the way.Officials who accompanied them when they went out to collect firewood often fell to their deaths by the side of the road.Yuan Shujun was in Jianghuai and had to eat mussels to satisfy his hunger.The people eat each other, and the state is depressed.

Cao Cao once killed tens of thousands of men and women in Sishui Pit, and the corpses blocked the river.His attack on Xuzhou was blocked by Tao Qian's army, and he could not move forward, so he captured several counties in the south and killed tens of thousands of residents there, until "the river and Huaihe Rivers were empty, and the people ate each other."

When Cao Cao attacked Bingzhou and Qingzhou, all the cities were massacred in case of stubborn resistance.Cao Jun rescued Liu Bei and fought Lu Bu, first captured Pengcheng, and killed all the defenders and civilians in Pengcheng.In the Battle of Guandu, Cao Cao's side beheaded more than 7 people and killed 8 soldiers of Yuan Jun.At that time, hand-to-hand combat was often required; killing three thousand people would inevitably injure eight hundred; the casualties of Cao's army were also conceivable.

More people died of starvation and disease; starving, cannibalism.

Famine and war increase the chances of getting sick.And often spread over a large area.One of the important reasons for Cao Cao's defeat in Chibi was that many of the soldiers had the disease; in 217 AD, that is, the 22nd year of Jian'an, there was a pandemic in the north.There are countless dead people; those middle- and upper-class people with relatively good living conditions also died of illness at a young age.

The result is that "today's Wei Dynasty has ten prefectures. However, it is not as good as the people of one prefecture in the past, taking into account the disadvantages of mourning and chaos."

At that time, in the heart of China, there were [-]% of the residents, and less than [-]% of the rest.

"Three Kingdoms. Wei Shu. Zhang Xiuzhuan" has an estimate that "the household registration in the world will decrease, and one out of ten talents will remain".

"Three Kingdoms. Wu Shu. Zhu Zhi Zhuan" described the situation at that time as "China is in depression, or there is no smoke for a hundred miles, the cities are empty, and the road is facing each other".

Soochow's territory includes the vast area from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the Pearl River Basin.At the time of reunification, there were only 230 million people.

The three families of Wei, Shu and Wu have a total of only 147 million households and 767 million people. However, to support three emperors, millions of troops, and three bureaucratic machines, the burden and suffering of the people must be heavy.

During the Taikang period after the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were more than 240 million households with a population of more than 1600 million.

The metal currency five baht was abandoned, and cloth replaced metal as a means of transaction.

It can be noted that.This economic decline lasted from the end of the Han Dynasty (the beginning of the 3rd century AD) to the Tianbao period in the middle of the Tang Dynasty (the beginning of the 8th century AD), and it took about 500 years to recover.The population returned to the level of the Han Dynasty, and metal currency replaced cloth and silk.

This situation cannot be explained by war.

The Warring States Period was the period with the most wars.But the Warring States period was the period of China's fastest economic development.

To put it simply, land mergers were serious in Qin and Han societies, and farmers went bankrupt and went into exile and became slaves.The Han Dynasty was the era with the largest number of slaves in Chinese history, which led to the decline of agriculture.

5. After the Eight Kings Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, the population decreased by 80%.To the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.The Xiongnu declined and were divided into two.The northern Xiongnu moved westward, and the southern Xiongnu moved into Serbia and surrendered to Han.Huo Qubing once claimed that "the Xiongnu are not destroyed, why should the family be".According to Huo Sheng's philosophy, this should be regarded as the "destruction" of the Huns.

But what was the result?The Huns and other tribes who moved inland were resettled in the interior to live with the locals, and the Han people always regarded them as "inferior people".

Oppression, enslavement, discrimination, and trafficking all fell on the heads of the inland barbarians, while the descendants of Huo Qubing's class lived a life of luxury and prostitution.

Beginning in 291 A.D., the eight kings of Runan Wang Liang, Chu Wangwei, Zhao Wanglun, Qi Wang, Changsha Wang, Hejian Wang, Donghai Wangyue, and Chengdu Wangying fought each other in Luoyang for the throne. The war lasted 16 years. For a long time, many towns were burned down, which was known as the "Eight Kings Rebellion" in history.

This disaster seriously injured the vitality of the Jin Dynasty, and even made people miserable.The capital Luoyang and Guanzhong are the main battlefields, and the victims are particularly fierce.In the battle of Zhao Wanglun alone, "since the army flourished for more than 60 days, nearly 10 people died in battle"!
In the melee of the kings, the Hu people were attracted to join the battle, and finally the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed.

At the same time, a rare plague of locusts and plague broke out in the Kanto region. According to historical records, "As for Yongjia, there was a lot of chaos. To the east of Yongzhou, there were many people who were hungry and hungry, and even sold each other, rushing to and fro, innumerable.

In the six prefectures of You, Bing, Si, Ji, Qin, and Yong, there are big locusts, all vegetation, cattle and horses are gone.There was also a severe disease, and famine, and the river was full of dead bodies, and the bones covered the wild" ("Book of Jin? Shihuo Zhi").

In 301 A.D., Li Te, a powerful Di tribe in western Shu, rallied more than 50 exiles and claimed to be the Great General of Zhenbei. He raised his flag and rebelled in Mianzhu (now Huangxu Town, Deyang City).After Li Tezhan's death, his son Li Xiong became the king of Chengdu, and later the emperor. He committed all kinds of evil and spread chaos for [-] years.

In the fifth year of Yongjia (311), "there was a famine in Kansai, the bones covered the wild, and the people survived without exception" ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian"). "Book of Jin. Volume 37 Biography of Sima Mo": "At that time, there was a famine in Guanzhong, and the people ate each other; with diseases and epidemics, thieves went out in public, and the power of the model could not be controlled."

In the fourth year of Jianxing (316), Emperor Min of Jin Dynasty, in August, Liu Yao advanced to Chang'an.

Sima Bao, the son of Sima Mo, sent Hu Song soldiers to aid and attack Liu Yao in Lingtai (west of Chang'an).

"Song was afraid of revival of the country's prestige, so Qu Suo (Qu Yun and Suo Lin guarding Chang'an) would be powerful, so he ordered the troops of the counties in the west of the city to garrison Wei and the north, so they returned to Huaili (Xingping, Chang'an).

Yao captured the outer city of Chang'an, and Qu Yun and Suo Lin surrendered the small city to strengthen themselves.The inside and outside are cut off, and the city is very hungry.

A bucket of rice is worth two taels of gold, and when people eat each other, most of the people die.Escape cannot be controlled.

Only thousands of volunteers from Liangzhou guarded to death.There are dozens of koji cakes in Taicang, and Qu Yun crumbs make them porridge for the emperor.It is also exhausted" ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian").

6. Civil strife in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the melee between the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

"Book of Jin. Liu Cong Zai Ji" stated that in April of the fifth year of Yongjia, Shi strangled "more than 5 dead of princes, officials and concubines";
石勒率轻骑在宁平城一次杀死晋军20万人。少数民族士兵接着连败晋军12阵，晋军再死3万人，洛阳失陷；320年石虎击败前赵刘曜，“坑士卒1万6千”。

In 321, Shile "pitted" 3 soldiers from the Cao Yi Department of the Jin Army.

In the east of today's He-Nan-Dan-City County, Shi Le surrounded more than 10 officials and soldiers who fled from the Western Jin Dynasty, shot them all, and piled up dead bodies like mountains.

Jie Zhao Shile expressly stipulates that Jie people have the right to rob any Han people; at the same time, Han people are prohibited from calling nomadic peoples as barbarians, and offenders will be severely punished.

Once, a drunken horseman broke into the palace gate.After flying away, Shi Le was furious and asked the guard why he didn't stop him. The guard was terrified and forgot Shi Le's ban. To be honest, he was a drunk barbarian. As the saying goes, barbarians are hard to deal with.How can I stop him.

After finishing speaking, he suddenly remembered Shi Le's ban, and was so frightened that he knelt down and begged for mercy, but Shi Le smiled and said: "It's difficult for barbarians to speak."exoneration.

Fan Tan, a famous scholar, was appointed a local official by Shi Le.Once when he went back to Jingjin to see Shi Le, he was snatched up by the Chinese on the way.

Seeing that he was in shabby clothes and in a mess, Shi Le asked in surprise why he was like this.

Fan Tan replied: Jie thieves have no way.They robbed all my belongings, and I borrowed this clothes from someone in a hurry.

Shi Le said with a smile: Jie thieves are indeed looting and doing random things.Well, I'll pay you for them.

Only then did Fan Tan recall the Shi Le ban.Frightened and kowtowed to pray for forgiveness, Shi Le was spared.

The territory of the Later Zhao Empire was very small, but Emperor Shi Le had five queens and more than 1 concubines.After he died, his son had sex with the mothers of the five queens day and night, but was killed by Shihu, exterminating the royal family.

Every time Shihu captured a city or fort defended by the Han people, he killed all the people in it.He opened up the world's largest hunting enclosure south of the capital Yecheng, and no one is allowed to throw a stone at a wild animal, otherwise he will be "offended by the beast" and will be sentenced to death.

The officials then used the "beast crime" as a blackmail tool. If a person was accused of a beast crime, he would die or go bankrupt.

Shihu built thousands of hunting chariots, the shafts of which were three feet long and one foot and eight feet high. At the same time, he made forty chariots of beasts, and made the prisoners fight the beasts in the chariots.

An official reported: A stone-carved tiger in Jinan walked to the southeast of the city, followed by a pack of more than a thousand wolves, whose footprints sank deep into the stone.

Shihu Dayue: "Shihu is my name. I migrated from the northwest to the southeast, and God's will blessed me to conquer the world."

So Shihu declared that he would attack the Jin Empire and ordered conscription. If there were three men in his family, two men would be recruited into the camp. There were more than 50 craftsmen making armor and 17 craftsmen making ships.

Two-thirds of these artisans were drowned in water or devoured by wild beasts that appeared because of the desolation of the fields.

The soldiers were more miserable than the craftsmen. Not only did the Zhao government not provide food, but every five soldiers had to donate one ox cart, two cows, 5 buckets of rice, and ten bolts of silk.

The people sold their sons and daughters to worship the squandering of the stone tiger. When the children were sold out or no one could afford them anymore, the most peaceful and kind-hearted Chinese peasants in the world hanged themselves to death. The big trees on both sides of the road from Luoyang to Chang'an The top is covered with corpses, connecting front and back.

Shihu excavated the tombs of former emperors in order to collect gold and silk.Another 16 men and women in Jinjun County, with 10 vehicles, transported soil to the north corner of Yecheng to build Hualin Garden. The wall of Hualin Garden is dozens of miles away.It was freezing cold, and nearly [-] servants froze to death on the road.

石虎掠夺中原地区年龄在13～20岁的汉族美貌女子3万多人充实自己的后宫，仅公元345年一年中，因征美女而不情愿者被杀高达3千余人。

The other nobles of the Jie nationality snatched nearly [-] beauties, even the wives of ordinary people who were married.

When the beauties were sent to Yecheng, Shi Hulong was overjoyed, and all the local chiefs with excessive achievements were promoted to Marquis.

When his tyranny caused the people to flee on a large scale, Shi Hu blamed those local chiefs who were newly appointed marquises for not knowing how to appease the people, and beheaded them all.

In order to accommodate the beauties, Shihu built palaces in Yecheng, Chang'an, and Luoyang respectively, using 40 manpower.

348 years.Shi Xuan was afraid that his younger brother Shi Tao would take the throne with him, so he sent someone to stab Shi Tao and his followers to death first.Then plot to kill the old man to take over early.

After the defeat, Shi Hu immediately tied Shi Xuan to the audience.Cut off Shi Xuan's tongue, gouged out his eyes, gutted out his intestines, cut off his hands and feet, and finally burned him to death.

29 of Shi Xuan's wives, concubines and children were killed together.All Shi Xuan's wives, concubines and children were all beheaded; Shi Xuan's youngest son grabbed Shi Hu's clothes, screamed and cried bitterly, Shi Hu gritted his teeth and threw him out, killing him.All 3 officials and 50 eunuchs in the Eastern Palace were dismembered by chariots, and the Eastern Palace was used as a place to raise pigs. All the more than 10 guards in the Eastern Palace were relegated to Liangzhou, 1200 kilometers away.

When discussing the establishment of a prince again, Shihu, who was terrified of being killed by the two princes, said something heart-wrenching: "I want to cleanse my intestines with pure ashes and three dendrobiums. Why do you want to have an evil son? If you are over twenty years old, you want to kill your father." !"

So Shi Shi, the youngest "Red Soldier", was selected, "I am only ten years old in this life, and I am already old when I am twenty."

The old heavenly king, who was terrified by the two princes, didn't care whether the little prince could keep the Shi family in the future. He only asked for a bottom line - when I was alive, he would not have the idea of ​​killing me!
In 394, the year after the successor was selected, Shi Hu hurriedly proclaimed himself emperor and left.

Don't wait for the old emperor to be buried in peace.Shi Hu's sons started fighting for the throne. The so-called law of the jungle applies here, and the weak prey on the strong.

The young emperor Shi Shi and his mother Empress Dowager Liu, who had succeeded to the throne for 33 days, became sacrifices for his elder brother Shi Zun's ascension to the throne; then, Shi Zun was killed by his younger brother Shi Jian after 83 days on the throne.After Shi Chong failed to fight for the throne, he "pit more than [-] soldiers".

Shi Jian was killed by Shi Hu's adopted grandson Ran Min 103 days after he ascended the throne, and Ran Min killed the royal family.Order: "Anyone who kills a barbarian will be promoted to three ranks."

Instantly.Only the capital Yecheng massacred 20 Hu people, causing millions of deaths.

Ran Min established the Ran Wei Empire in Yecheng in 350.

352 years.The former Yan Empire in the northeast fought a decisive battle with the Ran Wei Empire in Liantai Village (Wuji, Hebei), and Ran Minma was captured.

The Qianyan Empire beheaded Ran Min after three hundred lashes, and the Qianyan Empire besieged Ye City. The tens of thousands of court ladies who were collected by Shi Hu in every possible way either starved to death or were cooked by soldiers.

The "five barbarians entered China" caused huge wars in the Central Plains. Luoyang was burned, and the Central Plains were fertilized with blood. Ten rooms were empty and the population dropped sharply.

According to historical records, about [-]% to [-]% of the Han people in Zhongzhou fled to the south of the Yangtze River.Since then, a steady stream of nomadic peoples from the grasslands, especially the Xianbei people, has filled the empty Central Plains and desolate Luoyang.

The Xianbei people in the Northern Wei Dynasty even publicly threatened that the lives of Han people were worth only a penny.

"Compendium of General History of China" said: "According to Jiang Tong's "Moving Rong Lun", the population of Guanzhong is more than one million, and the Diqiang and Xianbei tribes account for about half." When Wei Xiaowen moved his capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang, he moved to Xianbei There are no less than 100 million people.

In order to stabilize the rule, Xianbei encouraged Xian Han to intermarry.

After more than 260 years of ethnic interbreeding and mixing in the Sixteen Kingdoms and the entire Northern Dynasty, Northern China has actually become an ethnically mixed area with approximately the same number of nomadic and Han ethnic groups, especially the Xianbei ethnic group with the largest number and influence.

At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Erzhu Rong wanted to proclaim himself emperor. He was afraid that the old officials of the Northern Wei Dynasty would not accept him. Someone advised him to destroy them all. He smiled and agreed. So he asked Emperor Zhuang to follow the river west to Heyin, guide all the officials to the northwest of the palace, and tell everyone Said to sacrifice to heaven, can not ask for leave.

After all the officials gathered, Er Zhurong picked up a high platform to look around, immediately went up, and loudly reprimanded: "The world is in chaos, Suzong's sudden collapse is caused by your inability to assist the prime minister. Moreover, the courtiers are greedy and abused, and everyone should be killed!" After that, the troops will be killed.

The number of courtiers who died was extremely large. According to "Northern History" and "Wei Shu", there are more than 1300 people, and "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" records more than 2000 people. Even the Huangmenlang Wang Zunye brothers who were in mourning at home, regardless of good and bad, all were hacked with knives and axes to kill them all.

Er Zhurong asked the soldiers to clamor again: "The Yuan family is destroyed, and the Er Zhu family will prosper!"

Qi State in the Northern Dynasties had 2000 million people, and the population in the Northern Zhou Dynasty was only 900 million; the Song State in the Southern Dynasty had 469 million people, and only 200 million people when the Southern Chen State fell, with a loss rate of 60%.
In the subsequent dynasties, the same thing was repeated continuously. Therefore, the extreme war was the most important reason for the large population loss, and it was also because of this that the lifespan of the ancients was so short. (To be continued..)
ps: Note: Thank you Zhixiu for your support, thank you!