Summoning of the Great General of the Great Qin Empire

Chapter 221

Wan Yanliang was smart and eager to learn since he was a child, and he had a deep foundation in Han culture. He was elegant and confucian, capable of poetry and prose, and loved to associate with famous scholars from the Liao and Song Dynasties who stayed in Jindi.Taste tea and play chess, talk about the past and the present, and become a person who has both literary and military skills, and has a leisurely look and a lenient attitude.

Wan Yanliang is suave and suave by nature, with great ambition and talent, eloquent and eloquent, his emotions and anger are invisible, and he is very good at understanding people's psychology.Jin Xizong was deeply jealous of his talents, fearing future troubles, so he did not dare to make great use of them.

In the third year of Tianjuan (1140), he took the son of the clan as the general of Fengguo, served as the former envoy of Liang Wang Wanyan Zongbi (Wushu) army, managed ten thousand people, and moved to the general of Hushi.

In the fourth year of Huangtong (1144), General Jialonghuwei stayed behind for Zhongjing (located in today's Beijing area) of the Jin Dynasty and moved to Doctor Guanglu.

In May of the seventh year of Huangtong (1147), Jin Xizong summoned Wanyan Liang to Shangjing (now in Acheng City, Heilongjiang Province), the capital of the Jin Kingdom at that time, as a joint judge for a major business, and he joined the court.In November, thanks to Shangshu Zuocheng, he took control of the power and placed his confidantes in important positions. Among them, Xiao Yu became the Minister of the Ministry of War (undersecretary of the Ministry of National Defense).When talking with Kim Xizong one day in November, he talked about the difficulty of starting a business for Kim Taejo, and Wan Yanliang cried bitterly. Xizong thought he was very loyal.Later promotions were accelerated.In June of the second year (1148), Bai Pingzhang was in charge of political affairs.In November, worship the right prime minister. In the first month of 1149, Marshal Jiandu.In March, he paid homage to the Taibao and took charge of the affairs of the three provinces. He became more slick, and had close contacts with powerful families, and he became fond of them.

In the ninth year of Huangtong (1149), Jin Xizong was dissatisfied with Wan Yanliang's sudden expansion of power.In the first month, Xiaodi Daxingguo, the dormitory of the Jinxi sect, gave Wan Yanliang a birthday present with a portrait of Song Sima Guang and other treasures, and Pei Man, the Empress of Mourning Ping, also gave gifts. , to recover his gift, Wan Yanliang felt uneasy when he found out.

In April, Zhang Jun, a bachelor, made unauthorized changes when drafting the imperial edict, and the source was found out.Jin Xizong asked who instigated it, and Prime Minister Zuo Wanyan Zongxian replied that it was the Taibao Wanyan Liang.Jin Xizong was displeased, so he demoted Wan Yanliang to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan) to lead the Taishangshu to save trouble.When Wan Yanliang passed by Zhongjing, he conspired with Xiao Yu, the servant of the Ministry of War there, to leave.When he went to Liangxiang, he was called back by Xizong.Wan Yanliang didn't know Xizong's intention and was very frightened.When he returned to Shangjing, he returned to Pingzhang's political affairs.But Wan Yanliang has decided against it. "Golden History" said that Yan Liang was "anxious, suspicious, and cruel."

When Jin Xizong succeeded to the throne as the grandson of Jin Taizu, Wan Yanliang thought that he was the son of Jin Taizu's eldest son Wanyan Zonggan and the grandson of Jin Taizu, so he coveted the throne.

As early as the seventh year of Huangtong (1147), Jin Xizong began to lose his temper and kill people indiscriminately. For example, he killed innocent people indiscriminately because of some trivial matters during the banquet, which caused dissatisfaction among courtiers.In July of the eighth year of Huangtong (1148), Tang Kuo, the son-in-law Shangshu Zuocheng, argued that he was not careful in his duties, so he rode him.In August of the ninth year of Huangtong (1149), Zhang Pingzhang's political affairs were completed by Yan Bingde.Those who were dissatisfied with Jin Xizong had the idea of ​​abolishing Li. Tang Kuobian, Bing Dexian and Dali Qing Wudai (Wanyanyan) planned to abolish Xizong, and Wudai introduced Wanyanliang.Wan Yanliang and Tang Kuobian conspired to abolish Li, and asked if Xizong was abolished, who could be established to succeed him?Tang Kuobian and Bingde's original intention was not Wanyanliang.

Tang Kuo argued that King Xun Wan Yan Chang Sheng (Wan Yan Yuan) seems to be OK.Wanyan Liang asked who was next, and Tang Kuo argued that Wanyan Aleng, the son of King Deng Wanyan Shi (shì), could do it.Wan Yanliang retorted that Aleng was not good enough.Tang Kuobian asked back: "Does the Duke have the will to proclaim himself emperor?" Wanyan Liang said: "This is a last resort, who else can I do!" Soon Wanyan Liang and Tang Kuobian conspired day and night, which aroused the suspicion of the guard general Wanyan. Tesi's suspicion.Tesi told Empress Auping Pei Manshi, so Jin Xizong learned about it.Jin Xizong was angry and summoned Tang Kuo to argue and stick him with a stick.Therefore, Wanyan Liang was very jealous of Wanyan Yuan and Wanyan Aleng, and hated Wanyan Tesi extremely.

Just at that time, Sun Jin, a soldier in Henan, pretended to be the emperor's younger brother, King Ancha, and the only younger brothers of Jin Xizong were Wanyan Yuan and Wanyan Chala.Jin Xizong suspected that it was Wan Yanyuan, and sent Wan Yan Tesi to investigate, but there was nothing.Wan Yanliang took the opportunity to frame him, and Jin Xizong thought so, and sent Tang Kuobian and Xiao Xun to torture Wanyan Tesi, Wanyan Tesi was forced to confess, and Wan Yanyuan was convicted.In October, Wanyan Yuan was killed, along with Wanyan Chaci, Wanyan Tesi, Wanyan Aleng and Alengdi Wanyan Taleng.In this way, Jin Xizong killed all his brothers and became more isolated.

By December of the ninth year of Huangtong (1149), those who wanted to abolish Xizong had formed a party.In the past, Daxingguo, who was reprimanded a hundred times for giving gifts, was related to Wanyan Liang's confidant Shangshu Shengling Shi Li, so he formed a party with Wanyan Liang. At that time, he was serving Xizong's daily life in the bedroom. It was intentional or unintentional that they took the key of the palace home from the person in charge at night, and everyone was used to it.The chief servant of the ten guards San Hutu wanted to repay the old kindness of Wan Yanliang's father, Wanyan Zongqian, and Tudan Ali Chuhu was Wanyan Liang's in-law.

On December 27th, Ding Si, the night when these two were on duty, Da Xingguo used the palace key to open all the palace gates, and went to the bedroom with Wanyan Liang, Bingde, Tang Kuobian, Wu Dai, Tu Danzhen, and Old Seng Li.Jin Xizong used to keep his saber on his bed, but that night Daxingguo took it first and put it under the bed.Everyone worshiped Wan Yanliang as the emperor. He was [-] years old at the time, and the ninth year of Huangtong was changed to the first year of Tiande.He also falsely claimed that Jin Xizong wanted to discuss the establishment of the empress, called all the ministers into the palace, and killed King Cao Wanyan Zongmin and Zuo Prime Minister Wanyan Zongxian.

During the time of Jin Xizong, a relatively generous policy was implemented for the clan, and the sons of Jin Taizong all had their own relatively large forces.When Wan Yanliang came to power, Jin Taizong's son was working in Heshuo, Shandong, Zhending and other places, occupying key positions. If there was a change, the consequences would be disastrous.So in the second year after Wanyan Liang came to power, he attacked Taizong's descendants. Wanyan Bian, Wanyan Zongzhe, Wanyan Jing, Wanyan Zongya, Wanyan Zongyi and other Taizong descendants were killed. More than [-] people were killed. dead.For the same purpose, Wanyan Saliho, a veteran general and veteran who had been away for a long time, was also killed.

Afterwards, he used pretexts to execute the clan Wanyan Zongben, Wanyan Zongmei, Wanyan Zongyi, Wanyan Bingde and others to death, and made more than [-] descendants of Zonghan, more than [-] descendants of Xieye, and more than [-] descendants of Mouliye And many other clan ministers were exterminated.

Wan Yanliang not only killed the clan ministers, but also killed his aunt Tu Shan.Tu Shan is Zong Gan's first wife, and Wan Yanliang's biological mother, Da Shi, is a concubine. In daily life, she has to follow Tu Shan's eyes and act. Be careful in exchange for a seemingly equal relationship.Wan Yanliang saw this very clearly, and had a grudge against Tu Shan. In 1161, Wan Yanliang wanted to mobilize an army to attack the Song Dynasty, but the Empress Dowager Tudan strongly opposed it.Thinking of being angry at him when he was young, Wan Yanliang blurted out: "It's not my mother, but the youngest wife of the king of Liang and Song Dynasties." Then he sent Da Huaizhong, Xi Shi, Gao Fu and others to kill the Queen Mother in Ningde Palace , and silenced more than a dozen of the Empress Dowager's servants.Killing the queen mother was still not satisfying, so he threw his bones into the water again, almost to the point of madness.

After the Jin destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, it drew a quasi-boundary with the Southern Song Dynasty and occupied the territory of the Central Plains and northern China.The Dajin Kingdom overwhelmed Goryeo, Xixia and other countries. The territory under its jurisdiction was vast, but the capital was located in the northeast corner. There were many errors in material transportation and official document transmission, and it was difficult for envoys to travel.The more important reason is that the palaces, pavilions, Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, and streets and alleys of Jinshangjing's Huining Mansion all left traces of Jin Xizong's popular monarchy. It brought catastrophe to Wan Yanliang, the emperor who seized the throne by killing his brother.Therefore, Wan Yanliang wanted to ensure his throne by moving the capital and completely dissolving the combination and resistance of the Jurchen royal family through the process of differentiation, division, and dissolution.

Although Wan Yanliang's intention to move the capital was revealed, he was immediately strongly opposed by the Jurchen nobles, but he still won the support of most courtiers, and actively prepared to move the capital. It took 3 years to complete the expansion and reconstruction of Yanjing Imperial City.In 1153, in the fifth year of Tiande ([-]), the Jurchen aristocrats were allowed to leave Shangjing, which was between Baishan and Heishui, and came to Yanzhou on the grounds that the capital was "secluded in a corner, officials were difficult to transfer, and the people were difficult to go to court." Beijing, Yanjing was changed to Zhongdu, and the mansion was named Daxing. This move accelerated the feudalization of Jurchen and the integration with the Han nationality.

In August of the second year of Zhenglong (1157), Wan Yanliang ordered the revocation of the yamen left behind in Shangjing, dismissed the title of Shangjing, and only called it Huining Mansion. The mansion of the rich family and Chuqing Temple, the royal temple, were then razed to the ground and left to be cultivated without leaving any traces.

Wan Yanliang was licentious and lustful, and once told his minister Gao Huaizhen his ambitions: "I have three ambitions. The major affairs of the country are all born out of me. No matter how close or close you are, if you have the best beauty in the world, and the wife is the three."

The noble concubine, Ding Ge, has a beautiful face and a beautiful appearance. She was originally the wife of Wu Dai, the governor of Chongyi, and had an affair with Wan Yanliang in her early years.Wudai guards the frontier, and every festival or Wanyanliang's birthday, he sends his slaves Gelu and Ge Wenyique to celebrate his birthday, and Brother Ding also sends his maidservant Guige to greet him.Wanyan Liang sent a message to Brother Ding through Brother Gui: "Since ancient times, the emperor has had two queens, can you kill your husband and follow me?" After Brother Gui returned, he told Brother Ding what Wanyan Liang had said.Brother Ding sighed: "When you were young, the king was too dishonest and did something shameful. Now that your children have grown up, how can you play around like you did when you were young!"

After Wan Yanliang found out, he had a plan and sent someone to tell Brother Ding, "You don't have the heart to kill your husband, I will kill your whole family." Brother Ding was still unmoved.Once, Wudai was drunk, and Wan Yanliang ordered Ge Lu and Ge Wen to hang him, but the cat cried and the mouse pretended to be merciful.Not long after Wu Dai was buried, he couldn't wait to accept Brother Ding as his wife, and later he was named a noble concubine. He often traveled with her in the car to visit Yaochi, and the other concubines followed on foot.

Li Fei Shi Ge is the younger sister of Ding Ge and the wife of Secretary Jian Wen.Seeing her beauty, King Hailing was already out of his wits and wanted to take her into the palace.He said to Wen's concubine, "You must divorce your daughter-in-law, otherwise I will take other actions." Wen Dugua told Wen what King Hailing said, and Wen felt very sad.Press Du Gua sighed and said: "Your Majesty said that he will take other actions, that is, to kill you. How can you be killed because of a wife?" The husband and wife hugged each other, wept and left.Wan Yanliang got his wish, but still not satisfied.He recruited Wen to the Biandian, and sent Brother Shi to say some obscenities to humiliate Wen, as a joke.

Concubine Zhao's concubine Alihu married Ahudie for the first time, and she gave birth to a daughter who was so embarrassing that she looked like a flower closed to the moon. King Hailing couldn't help his inner turmoil, and had an affair with her.When Alihu found out, he was furious and slapped the knot, which made Wan Yanliang very unhappy. After massacring the clan, Wan Yanliang released all the women, because many of them were attractive: he thought To bring them into the palace, he sent someone to say to the minister Xiao Yu: "I don't have enough descendants. Among these women are my relatives. How about bringing them into the palace?" Xiao Yu replied: "The recent massacre of the clan , There are a lot of discussions inside and outside the court, why do such things, "But Wan Yanliang will never stop until he achieves his goal, Xiao Yu has no choice but to agree.

In October of the sixth year of Zhenglong (1161), Wan Yanliang divided his troops into four groups and launched a full-scale attack on the Southern Song Dynasty.All the way from Haidao to attack Lin'an; all the way from Caizhou (now Runan, Henan) to attack Jingzhou (now Hubei Jiangling); all the way from Fengxiang to attack Dashanguan (now southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi) and enter Sichuan on standby.He personally led 32 soldiers in charge and marched into Shouchun (now Fengtai, Anhui).The Jin army "has 60 people, numbering one million, facing each other in felt tents, the sound of gongs and drums is endless, and there are great earthquakes near and far."

In the early days of the war, Jin Bing went well.The Liu Ye Department of Hannan Road captured the Song Guihua Army, Jiangzhou Army, and Xinyang Army.Biebutu Shanzhen led [-] troops, defeated Song Jiankang, and took the royal power in Xuyi, and entered Yangzhou.The vanguard army defeated the Song army in a row and captured Hezhou (now Hexian County, Anhui).He went to fight with the state command.When the Song army came to fight, Yelu Yuanyi, Minister of the Ministry of War, repelled the Song army, beheaded tens of thousands, and the Song army retreated to Jiangnan.

At this time, Wanyan Liangzhi followed his younger brother Wanyan Yong, taking advantage of his southern expedition and the emptiness of the Central Plains, and proclaimed himself emperor in Tokyo (Liaoyang).The soldiers of the Southern Expedition also fled back from the front line to support Wan Yanyong.On November [-], the news of Wan Yanyong's ascension to the throne spread to the front lines, and the morale of the army was shaken. In addition, three naval forces were defeated by the Song army, so far our own army has no fighting spirit.

As far as Wan Yanliang's character is concerned, he would never return without success when he was defeated, so he decided to win the Southern Song Dynasty first, or at least cross the Yangtze River successfully, and then go north to compete with Wan Yanyong after regaining "face".So the Jin army crossed the river from Hezhou to attack the Song Dynasty. The Song general Yu Yunwen defeated the Jin Dynasty navy at Caishiji, and all the warships were burned by the Song army.The Jin army suffered heavy casualties, and Hailing was forced to move to Guazhoudu.Wan Yanyong proclaimed himself emperor and the defeat of Caishiji made Wan Yanliang feel even more humiliated, and he still had no intention of retreating. On November 26, Wan Yanliang concentrated his troops and ordered the soldiers to say: "It will not be possible to cross the river in three days. , will behead all the ministers accompanying the army."

This sparked a mutiny. Yelu Yuanyi, the commander of the soldiers and horses, rebelled with his son Wang Xianghe, Tushan Shousu, Meng'an Tangkuo Wuye and other allied troops. A mutiny was launched at dawn, and Wan Yanliang heard about the change, thinking that the Song army had robbed the camp, so he hurriedly got up and dressed.At this time, an arrow shot into the tent. He picked it up and looked at it, and said in surprise: "This is my weapon." As soon as he stretched out his hand to take the bow, he fell to the ground with the arrow.The rebel general Nahe Wulubu stepped forward to assassinate him. After Wan Yanliang was hit by the sword, his hands and feet still moved, and the rebel generals strangled him.Yelu Yuanyi acted as the deputy governor of the left leader and led the army back to the north.Wan Yanliang was buried with common people's ceremony.

In April of the second year of Dading (1162), he was conferred the title of Prince of Hailing County, and his posthumous title was Yang, so he was also called King Yang of Hailing. He was buried in the cemetery of the kings of Lumen Valley in Dafang Mountain.In the first month of the 21st year of Dading (1181), because Jin Xizong, who was murdered by King Hailing, was enshrined in the Taimiao in the 19th year of Dading, Wan Yanliang was demoted to a commoner in Hailing again, and was buried forty miles southwest of the mountain mausoleum.Today, there is the tomb of King Hailing in Fangshan District, Beijing.

After Wan Yanliang ascended the throne, he changed the "system of three provinces and six ministries" during Jin Xizong's period to "system of six ministries in one province".First of all, weaken the three divisions and the three princes who are concurrently in charge of the three provinces, and turn them into the highest honors, only granting salary, not power.In the early years of Zhenglong, the three divisions, the three princes and the three provinces were finally abolished.Second, the one-province system was implemented. In the first year of Zhenglong (1156), Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province were abolished, and only Shangshu Province was retained.Shangshu Province is directly controlled by the emperor as the highest executive body of the central government.Third, cancel Xingtai Shangshu Province.Fourth, abolish the Marshal's Mansion and change it to the Privy Council, so as to change the situation that the Marshal of the capital has a heavy army and the central government is difficult to command.Through the reform of the official system, King Hailing established the central official system of "one province and six ministries". The organization is streamlined, the efficiency is doubled, and they work together and restrict each other, which is more conducive to the centralization of the monarchy.

In addition, Wan Yanliang also restored the Liao Dynasty's Deng Wen Procuratorate, so that the public can report on the improper conduct of Shangshu Province.The Dengwen Procuratorate was founded in the Tang Dynasty, and it was re-opened in the Tang Dynasty after the Five Dynasties. It lasted until the Song and Liao Dynasties, and it was not abandoned until the Jurchen came to the Central Plains.Wan Yanliang's restoration of the Dengwen Procuratorate this time, on the one hand, ensured that the power of the Minister of Shangshu would not be too large, on the other hand, it gave the people a channel to communicate with the upper echelons of the government on political affairs, and helped King Hailing and Jin Zhangzong's Sinicization reform , Guaranteeing a clean government.People in the later Yuan and Ming Dynasties commented on the matter, and lamented that the style of the Golden Procuratorate was better than that of the Sixth Court of the Song Dynasty.

Wan Yanliang continued to implement the policy of the Jurchens moving south, and reorganized and merged many Meng'an Moukes.He practiced land encapsulation in the Central Plains, sent people to various places to seize the original invaded official land and unused pasture land, granted the Jurchen Meng'an who moved to the south to cultivate households, and actively supported the transformation of the Jurchen aristocrats into feudal landlords.The surplus land was allowed to be rented by the Han people.This measure promoted the formation of feudal production relations within the Jurchen Meng'an Mouke, and at the same time expanded the country's feudal households and increased taxation.

Another of his major economic measures was to print money and reform the currency system.Since the founding of the Jin Dynasty, the old money of the Liao and Song Dynasties has been used and no currency has been minted.In the second year of Zhenyuan, he ordered Cai Songnian, the Minister of Household Affairs, to preside over the printing of banknotes (paper money) in parallel with copper coins.There are ten types of banknotes in total, including large banknotes and small banknotes.The imperial court established a banknote bank to manage printing and exchange affairs.In the second year of Zhenglong's reign, he ordered the casting of copper coins "Zhenglong Tongbao", which was the same as the old coins.Three coin casting supervisors were set up successively in Zhongdu and Jingzhaofu (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) to specialize in their work.The imperial court produced banknotes and copper coins, thereby mastering and controlling the currency circulation, and further strengthened the centralized rule economically.

Regardless of his family background, Wan Yanliang employed a large number of talents from Bohai, Khitan, and Han people, no matter how noble or poor, to expand the foundation of the regime and consolidate the rule.In the third year of Tiande (1151), the post of hereditary ten thousand households was dismissed in order to change the status of the nobles' "succession of descendants" and monopolizing authority.In the third year of Tiande, Wan Yanliang imitated the ancient Central Plains dynasty system, set up the Imperial College to educate students, restored and even reformed the imperial examinations, and established the proctoring institute to supervise the imperial examinations.Wan Yanliang also personally supervised the palace examination many times, and even came up on stage to pose questions and even solve them.

Wan Yanliang once attached great importance to the reform of the law.In the Jin Dynasty, from Taizu's spur to the Central Plains, until Taizong, the Xizong Dynasty mainly followed the customary laws of the nation, saying that "the legal system is simple, and there is no distinction between high and low."It was not until the later period of the Xizong Dynasty that the first written metric system of the Jin Dynasty "Huangtongzhi" was formulated. However, although it referred to the Sui and Tang systems and the Liao and Song laws, it was still based on the old system of the Jurchen tribe in essence, and the 26 rules were contradictory everywhere. Even barbarism, regarding the chaos and corruption of the law in the later period of Xizong, the problem of "Huangzhizhi" itself is also the main reason.

After experiencing the chaos of the Xizong Dynasty, Wan Yanliang read through the Northern Qi, Sui, and Tang legal texts, and in the Zhenglong period, he ordered the Dali Temple of the Ministry of Punishment, etc., and consulted the Northern Qi Law, Tang Liudian, Dazhong Tonglei, Liao Chongxi, and Xianxi Regulations, etc., gradually perfected the legal system, and finally promulgated and implemented the written public law in the true sense of the Jin Dynasty, that is, the "Continued Jiangzhishu". "Continued Jiangzhishu" completely abandons the tribal legal system and cruel criminal law of subordinates in "Huangzhizhi", as well as some complicated laws of Liao Xianxi's system, pursues the ancient laws of Qi and Tang Dynasties, participates in its discussion, and imitates the five-penalty system, And take shape in terms of practical meaning.Yuan Shizu later discussed the Golden Law, commenting that the criminal law was too harsh, but it was kind to treat slaves, maidservants and farmers.

Most of the [-] volumes of "Taihe Luyi" and "New Law Order Format" in Zhang Zong Dynasty were compiled from the continuation of the book, and the Golden Law has just been completed.

(End of this chapter)