I Have a Research Support System

In the next few days, Xu Qiu focused on writing Science articles.

Finally, on Wednesday afternoon, he finished the first draft of the article.

The reason why Xu Qiu was in such a hurry was mainly because he was afraid that there were other research groups in the country or the world who were secretly poking at him and giving him a backstab at a critical moment.

After all, as long as the scientific research results are not officially implemented, any accidents may happen.

The title of the Science article is: Solution-processed organic tandem solar cells with [16%] efficiency

Although the actual efficiency has not yet reached 16%, Xu Qiu first filled in 16% and highlighted it. If the efficiency is updated later, it can be modified.

This is also the goal that Xu Qiu has set for himself. As long as the efficiency is less than 16% a day, he will not contribute for a day.

Originally, if the articles of the Forrest research group did not come out, the current 15% might be barely enough.

It's a pity that if there is no if, now that the other party publishes the article first, then my work must be significantly better than theirs to have the opportunity to be listed on CNS.

Otherwise, after working for a long time, I can only publish one article in the big sub-journal of Nature, and so much effort will be wasted.

The order of the authors of this article is slightly different from the previous Nature Energy article:

The first is Xu Qiu, the second is Mo Wenlin, the third is Wu Shengnan, the fourth is Han Jiaying, the fifth is Xu Xinjie, the sixth is Yin Houlang, the seventh is Chen Wanqing, the eighth is Gong Yuanjiang, and the ninth is Wei Xingsi.

This time, because no laser analysis methods such as TAS were used, they did not bring Sweden Feng Shengdong with them, but only Gong Yuanjiang.

There is nothing to say about one, two, and three works, and they are ranked completely according to the degree of contribution.

The school girl, um... She ranked herself in the fourth place through some deals.

Xu Xinjie and Yin Houlang, two undergraduate students, the former stayed in Handan for more time, so he participated in the production of stacked devices more times and contributed more than the latter.

The senior sister basically didn't participate in the experiment much. After all, she is busy working all day now, so Xu Qiu put her at the end, and asked her to help revise the article when the time comes.

I just hope she won't be too helpful...

Don't be a disservice to...

Not helping...

In the original version, because the full text was limited to about 2,500 words, the number of words in the abstract was also reduced, and the core must be highlighted in short language.

Xu Qiu only wrote four sentences:

Although organic solar cells have many advantages, their performance still lags far behind that of other photovoltaic devices.

The root cause of its poor performance is the low charge mobility of organic photovoltaic materials, which leads to the limitation of the effective layer thickness and effective light absorption range.

In this work, under the guidance of semi-empirical model analysis, we used the tandem cell strategy to overcome these problems by taking advantage of the diversity of organic photovoltaic materials and the easily adjustable energy level structure.

In the end, we achieved a record photoelectric conversion efficiency of [16%] in a two-terminal double-junction organic photovoltaic device.

The abstract part is relatively concise. In the following introduction part, Xu Qiu also refined the language and divided it into two paragraphs for background introduction.

Among them, the first paragraph mainly describes the status quo in the field of organic photovoltaics.

Xu Qiu first blew a wave: Because of its low cost, high flexibility, and large-area printing production, organic photovoltaic devices are considered to be a very promising option to solve people's growing demand for renewable energy. .(1,2)

Here he cites two documents, one is a review article published in Prog. Polym. Sci. (a review of chemistry, the top journal in the first district, with an impact factor of 20+), and the other is published in Science Comment on the article.

Generally, the references that can be published in Science articles are basically at the level of Science, Nature, and Nature major sub-journals, and at worst must be at the same level as AM.

Usually, the proportion of Science, Nature, and Nature major sub-journals will reach as much as 50% of the total number of references.

This can also be regarded as the unspoken rule when citing literature:

When you select for a journal of any grade, you tend to cite literature from similar journals of the same grade.

The reason behind this is that editors are more interested in citing articles from journals with the same name.

For example, if you select for AM, among the 40 references there are 10 AM, 10 AEM, AFM, then the editor is definitely very happy, and the probability of the article being approved is slightly higher.

Because some journal editors have performance requirements similar to KPIs, the impact factor needs to be increased every year.

Especially for new journals, the early impact factor is very important.

The impact factor in the early stage determines the future of a new journal to a large extent. If the new journal only has an impact factor of 2 or 3 in the first year, it is basically unnecessary to think about it if you want to reach 10 and reach the first district journal.

Even for some journals without hard performance requirements, their editors always hope that the impact factor of their journals will be higher and higher.

Of course, this unspoken rule of citing documents is just a tendency. When actually writing an article, you still have to make a specific decision according to your own situation.

For example, if IDIC-M is used in the work of Science, the corresponding literature must be cited, even if the corresponding literature is a document in the second or third district, then the citation must also be cited.

But if it is in some cases where there are multiple citation possibilities, it is better to cite documents with the same name, or documents of the same grade.

When Xu Qiu submitted a manuscript before, he never encountered a situation where the manuscript was directly rejected by the editor because he did not cite a document of the same name.

However, Xu Qiu heard from Wei Xingsi that he had encountered it. At that time, the editor of the journal sent a letter to Mr. Wei and said very directly: Please try to quote as many journals as possible from our RSC...

Next, Xu Qiu summarized the progress in the field of organic photovoltaics: In the past ten years, the performance of organic photovoltaic devices has made substantial breakthroughs, and the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of single-junction devices has increased from about 5% to the present. 13% (3, 4).

These two documents are the IDIC-M and IDIC-4F works published by themselves, and I would like to mention two self-citations.

No way, no one else has reported an organic photovoltaic single-junction system with an efficiency exceeding 13%, otherwise Xu Qiu will definitely bring others along.

After talking about the advantages, Xu Qiu then raised the problems existing in the field of organic photovoltaics at this stage:

However, the performance of organic photovoltaic devices still lags far behind other photovoltaic devices based mainly on inorganic materials.

This creates the impression that the performance limit of organic photovoltaic cells is lower than that of devices based on inorganic materials.

The root cause is the low charge mobility of organic photovoltaic materials, which limits the device's active layer thickness and effective solar light absorption.

So far, the first paragraph is over.

To sum up, the writing idea of ​​the first paragraph is to first write about the advantages of the large field, then write about the current progress of the large field, and finally write about the shortcomings of the large field.

However, it is worth noting that the deficiencies here in the end cannot be mentioned casually, and must be connected with the following text.

In other words, this deficiency must be completely or partially resolved by this work.

For example, the deficiency mentioned here is that the thickness of the effective layer of the device and the effective solar light absorption are limited, then the following stacking strategy just solves this problem.

It is inappropriate to mention the actual cost of current organic photovoltaic materials is relatively high or the use of halogen-containing solvents is harmful to the environment and other shortcomings, although they are objectively the shortcomings of current organic photovoltaics.

These two deficiencies can be placed in the introduction of the work that highlights low-cost organic photovoltaic materials and non-halogen solvents, such as the subsequent PTQ series donors, and devices processed with environmentally friendly solvents.

In the next second paragraph, Xu Qiu took over the content of the first paragraph, mainly talking about the layering strategy, that is, trying to solve the deficiencies raised at the end of the first paragraph.

The general idea is also similar to the first paragraph. First write the advantages of the subdivision field of laminated devices, then write the current progress of the subdivision field, then write about the shortcomings in the subdivision field, and finally lead to your own work.

Xu Qiu first summed up: The stacking strategy is an effective method to solve various problems faced by organic photovoltaic devices at the same time, and it is also very suitable for the field of organic photovoltaics.

Then, start to explain the stacking strategy and organic photovoltaic complement each other, that is, the advantages of stacking:

On the one hand, broad and efficient light absorption can be achieved by stacking active layers with complementary light absorption in tandem cells, thus solving the thickness limitation of single-junction cells due to the low mobility of organic optoelectronic materials.

On the other hand, the diversity of organic photovoltaic materials can meet the needs of laminated devices with different energy level structures and light absorption properties, and can also design and develop the required photovoltaic materials according to actual needs.

Then, the progress of stacked devices can just directly quote the newly published articles of Forrest's research group.

In fact, stacked devices are also widely used in the field of organic photovoltaics, and achieved a photoelectric conversion efficiency of about 14%.

Then, the current problems of stacked devices are proposed.

At present, the main reason hindering the further improvement of the performance of tandem organic photovoltaic devices is that the light absorption range still cannot cover the entire solar spectrum on the one hand, which is due to the lack of ultra-narrow bandgap materials for top cells, most of which can only Absorbs photons with energies around 1.3 electron volts, or light with a wavelength of less than 900 nanometers.

The article by Forrest's research group, which was just named and praised, was pulled out by Xu Qiu and beaten up.

The BT-CIC near-infrared non-fullerene acceptor used by Forrest's research group happens to have a light absorption range that can only reach 900 nanometers, which is the negative teaching material.

And Xu Qiu's own system, whether it is IEICO-4F or COi8DFIC, can be extended to 1000 nanometers, which is in sharp contrast with the work of Forrest's research group.

On the other hand, it is also due to the overlap of light absorption of each sub-cell, and/or the mismatch of short-circuit current density, which leads to the current limitation of stacked devices.

This is a general problem of stacked devices, and it is mainly written to lead to the next semi-empirical analysis, through which to solve the problem of current mismatch.

Although in fact, we may make the device first, and then supplement the semi-empirical analysis, that is, there are results first, and then there are theories.

But when writing an article, in order to complete the story, it is usually necessary to say the other way around, that is, there is a theory first, and then there is a result.

Written here, the background has basically been explained.

Next, it was time for It's our turn to perform, followed by Xu Qiu briefly summarizing his work in one sentence:

Guided by the above analysis and semi-empirical analysis, we report a solution-processed, two-terminal double-junction organic photovoltaic device with a photoelectric conversion efficiency of [16%].

Henceforth, the introduction ends.

If you analyze it carefully, the whole story in the introduction can be composed of seven parts:

The benefits, current progress, and existing problems in the large field of organic photovoltaics, the benefits, current progress, and existing problems in the small field of stacked devices that solve problems, how our work is.

In fact, it is somewhat routine.

But this is the same as the routines of online articles. Although many routines are relatively old, they are still useful.

Afterwards, the text is quite satisfactory.

Xu Qiu mainly analyzed the three pictures according to the previous plan.

Of course, although there are only three text pictures, other characterization experiments are also to be done, but they are only included in the supporting information.

A total of more than ten pictures and tables were stuffed into the supporting information by Xu Qiu.

Due to limited space, these characterization tests only need to briefly mention a few sentences in the text, and there is no need to expand the description in detail.

The only missing characterization experiment now is the third-party detection of photoelectric performance, which needs to be sent to NIM, the Huahuajia Institute of Metrology.

However, this data is not available for the time being, because the efficiency of the device tested in the sample must match that reported in the article.

In other words, when will the device efficiency reach 16% before sending samples for testing.

At the end of the article, Xu Qiu tentatively cited more than 30 references.

Among them, Nature and Science together cited six articles.

However, they are all short reviews. Xu Qiu has not seen the publication of Nature or Science articles on experimental work in the field of organic photovoltaics in recent years.

The number of major sub-journals of Nature is eight.

On the one hand, there are quite a lot of work published in the major journals of Nature on stacked devices, and there are six articles.

On the other hand, it also includes Xu Zhenghong's previous IDTBR material Nature·Materials and his just-published Nature·Energy.

NC has four papers, including one by its own research group, one by Xu Zhenghong, and two papers published by two foreign research groups.

In the NC paper of his research group, Xu Qiu cited the work on the H43 donor material of the school girl, but did not cite the 3D-PDI paper of his own.

After all, Xuemei's article on wide-bandgap donors is still related to the research field, while my own article is on PDI, which is far from relevant in the research field, and it is too ugly to quote.

The remaining less than 20 references are basically AM-level articles.

All the references quoted are Xu Qiu's carefully selected articles from the first district, and none of them are from the second district.

In the process of citing, Xu Qiu tried his best to share the rain and dew with the research groups in other related fields except his own research group.

This is also the unspoken rule of the scientific research circle.

In order to avoid unnecessary trouble, when publishing an article, especially a high-quality article, the references cited should cover as many researchers as possible in the subdivided field.

Otherwise, maybe your article will be in someone else's hands. The other party will glance at the references and see that you don't quote my article, so they will reject you out of nowhere...

Moreover, objectively speaking, the work of all relevant researchers should indeed be cited.

Because, when doing a job, you must read a lot of articles in this field.

And after reading other people's articles, when designing experiments or writing articles, you will more or less use other people's ideas, and sometimes you may not know it yourself.

It seems that others have not helped you, but in fact you are already standing on the shoulders of others.

From a moral point of view, it is also necessary to thank others for their contributions.

How can I thank you? Cite their articles.

After the references, the author's specific contribution is listed in the top journals.

Xu Qiu marked each person's actual contribution.

As for the juniors, she is the same as the seniors, and just ask them to help revise the final version of the article.

After finishing the first draft of the Science article, Xu Qiu copied it to a USB flash drive and went to 218 to report to Wei Xingsi.

When Wei Xingsi received the news, he took the USB flash drive from Xu Qiu's hand with a happy face, and said, It's pretty fast, come and show me.

Because there are only 2,500 words and the length is relatively short, Wei Xingsi chose to read it all at once.

About ten minutes later, after Wei Xingsi finished reading, he took a long breath and said, Very good, very good, very good, now I don't need to change your article...

After a pause, Wei Xingsi continued: The efficiency is poor at work, 16%...we should be able to do it.

Xu Qiu considered it for a while, then nodded and said, It is possible with a high probability.

Wei Xingsi let out a hmm and was silent for about five seconds. He suddenly turned his head to look at Xu Qiu and said, If this Science article can be published successfully, I can give you the articles related to the field of organic photovoltaics in the research group. You name the corresponding author... I only need this single communication.

Xu Qiu raised his eyebrows, and looked at Wei Xingsi.

Seeing that Teacher Wei didn't seem to be probing, Xu Qiu nodded: Okay.

According to the usual practice, only very strong post-docs, or small bosses of the research group who already have formal teaching positions, have the opportunity to get the salary of one author plus communication.

For example, Cao, who published five articles in Nature in a row, the four articles he published in Nature before, because he is a doctoral student at MIT, he is only the first author, not the corresponding author.

It was not until the fifth article Nature that Cao got the status of first author and co-corresponding author.

Once the corresponding author gets it, it basically shows that the researcher is already a relatively independent researcher.

The performance in the academic circle is to officially strip away the identity of the student and become an existence on an equal footing with the tutor in the true sense.

Now, Xu Qiu is very close to this step.

Of course, the premise is that his Science can be published smoothly.

After Wei Xingsi left a copy of the Science article, Xu Qiushun took a bottle of Perrier, resigned and returned to 216.

The writing of the Science article has temporarily come to an end, and the next main task is to increase the stacking efficiency from 15.5% to more than 16%.

However, Xu Qiu didn't immediately put himself into the experiment, because he still had an exam this Thursday, and he hadn't reviewed it at all before, so he needed to prepare.

The exam on Thursday is an open-book Composite Materials. Although the content of this course is more in-depth at the graduate level, and the courseware has been replaced with pure English courseware, the specific content is actually quite different from the undergraduate course.

Xu Qiu estimates that the part of this course that has been learned during the undergraduate period accounts for more than 70%, and the advanced knowledge added to the postgraduate level is less than 30%.

This is also the reason why Xu Qiu only allocated less than a day of review time for this class.

On Thursday, Xu Qiu took the printed courseware and the prepared catalog to the examination room and started the examination.

The teacher of this course was Xu Qiu's undergraduate counselor, Yu Qiang.

Xu Qiu knew Qiang quite well, and the test questions issued by the other party were characterized by a very large amount of questions.

This time was no exception. I got a test paper with both front and back, densely packed, all questions with small scores.

Fortunately, Xu Qiu's test-taking ability is very strong, and he is very handy in facing this situation.

The exam time is 90 minutes. In about 60 minutes, Xu Qiu has already done the last question, and the first 90 points can basically get more than 85 points.

However, seeing the last big question with 10 points, Xu Qiu secretly sighed in his heart: Yu Qiang is quite a chicken thief.

The previous 90-point questions can be found directly in the courseware. Some of them may be hidden, but you can find them if you look carefully.

The rest of the 10 points were not included in the courseware, but what Yu Qiang taught alone in class.

Fortunately, Xu Qiu didn't paddle completely in that class, but he listened a little bit, leaving a vague impression. Combined with his own understanding of composite materials, he answered the questions smoothly, and it is estimated that he could get more than half of the marks.

It can add up to 90 points, and an A basically didn't run.

Xu Qiu could also understand Teacher Yu Qiang's approach. The other party hoped that those who listened carefully and paid in class would have some rewards.

But how should I put it, Xu Qiu has already taken a course with the same name as an undergraduate, and now he is taking it again, even if he doesn't pay attention to the class, he may still be ahead of the students from other schools who pay attention to the class.

Moreover, the ability to take the test is also different from person to person.

With the same effort, some people went to Tsingbei University, and some worked so hard that they might not even pass the undergraduate exam.

In other words, fairness is relative.

PS: The major sub-journals of Nature related to organic photovoltaics are mainly Nature·Materials, Nature·Energy and Natural·Optoelectronics. Optics, but because it is more troublesome to change the VIP chapter, I need to find an editor to apply for permission, so I won't change it. Of course, this translation is also translated by myself. In fact, few people speak Chinese, and generally speak English directly, Nature Photonics. Among them, the translation of Photonics is optoelectronics, photonics, photons, optoelectronics.

PS2: From March 29th to 31st, there will be double monthly tickets for three consecutive days... Although the monthly tickets for this month have already exceeded 1,000, there is a high probability that they will not be able to get to 2000+, but the tickets that should be asked still have to be asked, so everyone understands of……