From Chief to Ball

Chapter 35 Hypothesis

It is very difficult for someone to pass so many articles at one time. Even if the referrer sent for review is Mr. Mu, it still needs several people to discuss and review.

A few days ago, when Mr. Mu asked his disciples to send the revised Chen Jian's article, the reviewers had already finalized the content of the first issue of next year's booklet.

The first issue of the new year is the most important of the year, and if there are no surprises, the most amazing discoveries made last year will be included in the first issue.

If it was someone else's, those people would still watch it, but at least put it off for another year.

But Chen Jian's article has been revised by Mr. Mu, and those reviewers can't neglect it.

Many people are Mr. Mu's friends or juniors. Even if they disagree with each other on some academic issues, they all know Mr. Mu's temperament.

Yes is okay, no is no, that stubborn old man will never send something that seems worthless, especially when it is close to the end of the year, and so many articles are sent at one time, obviously the things inside After conquering that stubborn and upright old man, he had to make those people cautious.

As the end of the year approached, the reviewers looked at dozens of sheets of paper and the densely packed text on them, and were slightly amazed in their hearts, so they had to calm down and read these articles.

Seven or eight people, together with their disciples or assistants, shared a few pieces of paper, not only to complete their own mission, but also to see what kind of content can make people like Mr. Mu so valued.

This is a preconceived state. If the person who sent the manuscript is just an unknown young man, even if the above content is correct, it will be shocking, but these people will not pay so much attention to it before reading it.

Now that I paid attention to it, I read it carefully, and soon became silent.

However, a moment later, a middle-aged man stood up suddenly, took the piece of paper in his hand, and shouted with some excitement: "Good! Good! It's so well written!"

The excited shouts awakened those who had been immersed in the text, and several people stood up and walked to the middle-aged man, wanting to see what could shock the middle-aged man so much.

The middle-aged man put the paper on the table upwards, turned his body slightly so that the people next to him could watch together, and at the same time read out the contents of the paper aloud.

The title sounds weird, a bit of a mouthful, and doesn't even sound like an article that should be sent here, because it sounds like it has too much to do with science or something.

"Induction and deduction, the two most important ways we know the world", this is the title of the article.In the following, a simple definition of the two methods is quickly given.

"My cat likes to eat fish, your cat likes to eat fish, and the cat in Lao Wang's house next door also likes to eat fish... So, I said, cats like to eat fish. This is the induction."

"It is known that cats like to eat fish; it is known that I have raised an animal named Rhubarb; it is known that Rhubarb is a cat. Therefore, Rhubarb loves to eat fish. This is the interpretation."

"We observe the world with our eyes, and it is from the induction method that we draw the conclusion that cats love fish. After this conclusion becomes an unchangeable rule, then we no longer need induction, and we can know if the animals I raise If it’s a cat, it must generally like to eat fish. Similarly, if my dried fish is stolen and eaten, then the cat must be suspected first.”

"This seems to be a very simple and natural thing, but it is the basis for our continuous understanding of the world."

"In my opinion, there are five methods of induction in general, and this method can be applied to many disciplines."

"The first method can be called the method of seeking common ground. Examining several different occasions where a certain phenomenon under study occurs, if all conditions are different except for one condition in different occasions, then this same condition is the same condition as the phenomenon under study. cause of the phenomenon."

"For example, A, B, C, A, D, E, and A, He, and G are different except that A is the same, but the result is the same. Then we can try to conclude that the reason for this situation is because A .”

"Using the most basic mathematics as an example, one angle of a triangle is a rectangular angle. Except for this condition, the lengths of the remaining sides are different, and the sizes of the other two angles are also different, but the results are the same. : The sum of the squares of the Pythagoreans is equal to the square of the chord. Then it can be summarized as: one angle of the triangle is the square angle, which is the reason why the sum of the squares of the Pythagoreans is equal to the square of the chord.”

"The second method can be called the method of finding differences. Comparing the occasions where a certain phenomenon occurs and the occasions where it does not appear, if the two occasions are the same except for one point, then this difference is the cause of the phenomenon. "

"For example, under perfect conditions, there are two situations A, B, and A, B, and C. Under these perfect conditions, all the other situations are the same except C. Then if the two situations A, B, and A, B, and C show extreme If there is a large difference, it can be concluded that C is the factor that makes the two cases very different."

"Also using a simple example, the same land, under the exact same conditions of water, sunlight, wind and rain, temperature, seeds, weeding, etc., struvite was applied to half of it, while the other half was useless; but the same, Except for the different condition of struvite, everything else is the same. Then we can conclude that struvite can make crops grow better and increase yield.”

"The third type can be called..."

After these five inductive methods, there are several reasoning methods about logical deduction, all of which use extremely straightforward language and give the most common and simplest examples.

There doesn't seem to be anything new in it, neither grandiose new rules about the movement of celestial bodies; nor tiny new discoveries about plants, trees, fish and insects.

But it was such an article that seemed to contain nothing new, but after being recited by the middle-aged man, it attracted the attention of everyone in the room.

They put down their original work, quietly listened to this article sent by Mr. Mu, and carefully understood the contents of this article.

These things are very common when you first hear them, and some people even think that they are indeed like this.But it is precisely because of this unusualness that makes this article unusual.

They carefully recalled the achievements they had made, but found that the process and method of the things they discovered were all consistent with what was said here, or even exactly the same.

In the silence immersed in it, a person expressed his own evaluation in the silence where everyone did not know how to evaluate this article.

"We discovered new laws, and this article is the law behind the discovery of those new laws!"

"It said nothing, but said everything!"

An admiration that sounded obviously too much, but no one stood up to refute it, but nodded involuntarily, agreeing with the admiration that sounded extremely excessive.

Also because of this kind of approval and shock, the people in the room all looked at the remaining content that hadn't been carefully read.

It was originally sent by Mr. Mu, and they already attached great importance to it, but they didn't expect that the previous kind of attention did not meet the definition of these articles at all.

Since a random piece of paper has such a shocking effect, what kind of content will be written on the rest of the paper?

People became quiet again, pushed away the rest of the papers around them, and concentrated on looking at the contents of those remaining papers.

After a while, the shock echoed in the room again, because these people found that the first article on induction and deduction was only the beginning and the foundation.

According to the number of pages marked below the article, after linking these articles together, a terrible, amazing, but unacceptable conclusion is produced.

It's like a cunning hunter dug a trap, leading curious prey into the pit bit by bit...

"Analysis of Gas Combination Produced by Stack Electrolysis" started with some old articles that already existed, and drew a conclusion by induction.

Because electric piles appeared very early, the development of glassware and weights and measures also attracted many people to it, and made many strange discoveries.The contents of this article are all old news, and they are all old news that cannot be connected together on weekdays. Few people think about the old news that has any connection among them.

For example, after electrolyzing water with a stack, the volume ratio of hydrogen and yang is about two to one; for example, after electrolyzing salt water, the ratio of hydrogen to chlorine is one to one.This is something that has long been known.

For example, when hydrogen and yang gas are ignited, they will explode or burn into water; for example, hydrogen and chlorine gas will also burn into a kind of acid gas, and this optimal combustion ratio has also been found, and as an observation The situation was written out.

This article does not contain any new findings based on observations, but uses conclusions that have been observed and written by others and accepted by everyone.

But at the end of this article, these conclusions that seem to be irrelevant at all are combined with a rule: the volumes of the various gases participating in the same reaction are in simple integer ratios, and from this we can know that the volumes of gases participating in the reaction The number of smallest particles in the gas should also be a simple integer ratio.

This is an induction and speculation based on the facts observed in the past, and after this speculation, there is a new speculation and doubt based on this speculation.

"Analysis of the Volumes of Two Kinds of Gases Obtained from the Electrolysis of Water by Electrolyzed Stacks", with the help of the speculation in the previous article and the logic of the initial induction and deductive methods, a conclusion is drawn here.That is, water is formed by combining two hydrogen gases and one yang gas, and hydrogen chloride is formed by combining one hydrogen gas and one chlorinated gas.While hydrogen gas is explosive, water is not.

So new compounds change the properties of the smallest particles that make them up, forming a new substance.Water is water, no longer hydrogen and yang, but a new substance.

……

In addition to these, there are a large number of new hypotheses based on old discoveries in the past, and when these hypotheses are connected together, they can explain the world very well.

In the end, it was an article titled "Bold Hypothesis: A Hypothesis About the Smallest Particles That Make Up the World", which set off vibrations in the entire room.

Based on the induction, deduction and speculation of the previous articles, this last article proposes a hypothesis and a new term.

The world is made up of the smallest particles of dozens of indivisible things, which can be called atoms.This has existed since the beginning of Pangu and will not change.