From Chief to Ball

And everything in the whole world is produced by the combination and change of these dozens of atoms, and the new substances synthesized by these atoms will change the properties of the original atoms and become a new substance.And this kind of substance can use some method to obtain the initially synthesized atoms, but it has its own characteristics, and it can be further divided, so it can be called a molecule.

Water has weight, and weight cannot be created out of thin air, so gas also has weight, and these weights are the combined weight of all the smallest gas particles in a certain volume.

Therefore, the smallest particle, no matter whether it is an atom or a molecule, has weight, and this weight has been fixed since the beginning of the world, and the changes of the world do not change from a certain point of view.

The burning of flames, the explosion of gunpowder, etc., are nothing but the process of molecular recombination.Just as two parts of hydrogen and one part of yang can all be turned into water, as long as the composition of molecules, the way of recombination, and the principle of compounding are found out, some hidden rules can be found out.For example, the optimal ratio of gunpowder is the weight ratio of the smallest molecules involved in recombination during the compounding process.

The smallest atom also has the duality of yin and yang. The coordination between yin and yang ensures the stability of the smallest atom, but this coordination is not unchangeable.

To put it simply, most of the atoms are more positive than negative, or negative than positive, so the atom itself can be simply regarded as dual: the external manifestation is negative and positive.

For example, iron is more positive than copper, so it is easier to react with negative bile acid, and copper can be replaced from bile acid.

Another example is that the yin of yang is stronger than another gas in the air, so yang is more likely to react with positive charcoal to form carbonic acid gas, while the other gas in the air is weaker in yin, so it is more neutral than yang. It is said that it is more difficult to react with charcoal.

Another example is that hydrogen and yang gas can react violently only by being ignited; while hydrogen and the incombustible gas in the air can react in the bottle by stack discharge to generate a new gas.From this, it can be verified that the negative nature of the incombustible gas in the air itself is much smaller than that of yang energy.

The combination of extreme anode and yin is extremely easy, while the combination of weak yin and yang requires more complex and difficult conditions.

Therefore, in an eternal world where there is no life, the ambient temperature is constant, and the chemical combination of all atoms tends to be the easiest to form and the most stable molecule under the current conditions.

……

The people in the room read all this and looked at each other.

Compared with the inductive praise of the first article and the admiration of the exquisite experiments on the preparation, synthesis and decomposition of some new substances in the middle, no one dares to express opinions easily in the last hypothesis.

Chapter 36 Famous

After a long time, an old man broke the silence and asked, "What do you guys think?"

"It sounds reasonable, but most of it is speculation. Although it can be justified, there are other explanations for many things. For example, why should the number of particles be the same for the same volume of gas? This is just a guess , Our eyes can’t see particles that big and small, so we can’t verify it. Even if the guess seems reasonable, it’s just a guess... just like this young man said, a bold hypothesis.”

A person thought for a long time and gave such an evaluation.

This is a difficult evaluation. Many things discovered before are guesses based on existing facts, but most of them have been verified.

Although it seems that according to the method of inductive deduction and experimental comparison written by this young man today, the verification process of many previous conclusions is not so perfect and there are loopholes.

However, these speculations seen today cannot be verified at all, and there is no chance to verify them at all: this is a subversion and new interpretation of the original foundation, rather than a logical deduction based on the existing foundation.It's like redefining what is a straight line and what is a circle, instead of drawing new conclusions based on everything you have after knowing what a circle is.

Whose eyes can see these tiny particles?Who can see the guessed atoms and molecules in the article?

What's more, the assumptions behind this series of articles are really too big, and a complete system is formed completely on the original basis, giving a perfect explanation for the conclusions drawn after observation.At least now this explanation sounds reasonable, but people still dare not draw conclusions easily.

The old man who was the first to ask everyone what they thought looked at the frowning and thinking crowd, and said with a wry smile: "Well, let's calm down and re-examine all the assumptions of this young man to see if there is anything that can be completely overturned."

This may be the only feasible solution. As long as there is an extremely unreasonable situation where the facts and speculations are completely contrary, it proves that either the facts are wrong or the speculations are wrong.If it does exist, then re-verify the existing facts according to the methods of the perfect experiment in these articles to see whether it is a fact or not, or the speculation is not scientific.

It was late at night, but everyone didn't feel sleepy, and they all buried themselves in the paper to find some loopholes that could be easily overthrown.

Not long after, a person said: "Assuming that the young man's conjecture is reasonable, then the same volume of hydrogen gas and yang gas contain the same particles, and two volumes of hydrogen gas contain twice as many particles as yang gas. Then the question Here it comes... Two volumes and hydrogen gas and one volume of yang gas generate two volumes of water vapor...Although there is the influence of mercury vapor, this is generally verified."

"In this case, isn't it true that one hydrogen atom and half a yang atom form one part of water? Otherwise, how could it be exactly two volumes? Then he also assumed that atoms are indivisible, that is to say, there is no such thing in the world. There is half an atom of yang energy, so this point is contradictory and unexplainable."

Raising the paper in his hand, the speaker was a little lost.When he saw the logic of induction and deduction for the first time, he was the first to be excited and recognized the value in it.And when he saw the final hypothesis about the particles that make up the world, he was also extremely excited, because in this way, chemistry that relied entirely on observation finally became a real system: a logical and self-consistent system.

But the more excited he was, the more cautious he became. After careful examination, he finally found that the entire system seemed to be difficult to be consistent. This excitement instantly turned into a kind of disappointment.

However, after saying these words, someone shook his head immediately and said: "This young man obviously thought of what you said, so he proposed the difference between molecules and atoms. He mentioned this issue in this article."

"It was in the article that he produced a new indivisible substance called phosphorus. It said that if the phosphorus is isolated from the air and heated, it will become a red phosphorus. Since the air is isolated, there is obviously no other The substances involved in the reaction are just changes in phosphorus itself."

"But white phosphorus is highly poisonous, but red phosphorus is not. So he said that new molecules composed of the same kind of atoms have different properties. If this is the case with phosphorus, then the same will be true for gases such as yang and hydrogen. Yes, so he speculates that both hydrogen and yang are molecules composed of two atoms as the smallest particle. In this way, the problem of hydrogen and yang forming water is solved, and he said it is like a couple holding hands Like twins. Come to think of it, it makes sense. Maybe there are the smallest particles of a single hydrogen atom, or maybe the smallest particles of three hydrogen atoms, we just haven't found it."

"The yang gas composed of two atoms is different from the molecule composed of single or three yang qi. It's like the difference between red phosphorus and white phosphorus. This experiment was re-verified by Lao Mu, it is true, such a It can be explained later.”

Everyone imagined this situation for a while, and it sounded easy to understand, and it was easy to understand what it meant.And according to this hypothesis, it can indeed be justified.

Of course, there is another explanation: the number of gas particles of the same volume under the same conditions is different, so the previous effect will be produced when they are combined.This is easily explained if lighter gases contain fewer particles and heavier gases contain more particles.For example, water is actually a model of hydrogen and oxygen, but because hydrogen is lighter, two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen contain the same particles.

But this model is not quite in line with the philosophical views of these people who are studying the problem at this time. From the beginning, most of them believe that the world is perfect rather than disordered, and there is a kind of rule in it.Therefore, compared with the seemingly inharmonious and disorderly view that the number of gas particles in the same volume is different, this new view is easier for them to accept.

After this question was explained, the person who doubted it first became excited again. He had already accepted this hypothesis in his heart, and thinking about the whole system behind this hypothesis, he liked it more and more.

The rest of the people looked at it for a long time, and continued to search for loopholes in the logic of this hypothesis.

After a while, another person said: "According to this young man's hypothesis, some substances are extremely positive, while some substances are extremely negative. According to his hypothesis, it is indeed reasonable, and it can also explain some problems, such as iron and gallbladder. love thing."

"But how to account for things like caustic soda, salt, and lime?"

"Now, everyone agrees that the quicklime produced by calcining limestone is an indivisible substance. According to this young man, it is a kind of atom, but is this substance positive or negative?"

"If it is positive, compare it with iron. If the positive of quicklime is stronger than iron, then throwing quicklime into the biliary iron juice should be able to replace iron. If it is not as strong as iron, then throw iron into lime Birthlime can be replaced in water."

Although they have the concept of calcium at this time, the calcium in their minds is not a metal. In fact, the calcium in the mainstream view at this time is actually calcium oxide.

Similarly, substances such as sodium and potassium do not exist in natural elements because they are too active, but chemical experiments have been done very early, so people's explanation for this is that calcium, sodium, and potassium are not a kind of metal , but a non-metallic substance like quicklime: at this time, quicklime is considered to be an indivisible thing.

They used oxides as a new element to speculate on the properties of this substance, and thus came to a conclusion that did not fit Chen Jian's article.

So this problem is magnified more and more.

"Similarly, if calcium is what the young man said was negative, then this thing should be able to react with iron to produce something like chlorine gas. But in fact, we found that quicklime is more willing to react with acid than to react with acid. React with things like iron coal."

"But if this thing is inert as it claims to be neither yin nor yang, it's hard to understand why this thing can easily react with water. It's just that when it reacts with water, it doesn't release hydrogen gas..."

Originally, this is not an extremely difficult problem to understand, because no one thinks that there is a rule that can explain various reactions hidden behind these chemistries, and therefore all observed conclusions do not need the support of a whole set of theories behind them.

But now this set of theories seems to link all these problems together. If it can be done, it is naturally good, and all the observed results are linked together in a way of why they are so.

It is precisely because of this that the last speculation made everyone so cautious that they did not dare to express their opinions.Once accepted, it must explain some facts that now seem completely contradictory.

Either the known facts are wrong, or the conjecture is wrong.

Faced with this question, the middle-aged man who first questioned it used the content of the article to refute it, and he had already begun to unconsciously defend this speculation in his heart.

"Young people think that some of what we now think of as indivisible is not really indivisible."

"What's the reason?"

"It doesn't fit his inference."

"Is this a reason? Is his inference true?"

"So this young man stubbornly believes that some facts that we have already considered as facts are not real facts. He is right, but some of the facts that we think are wrong. For example, he believes that we use electric piles to electrolyze brine, In fact, we got a more positive metal, but this metal is too strong, so it quickly reacted with water, so we didn't notice the existence of that metal at all."

"Insanity!"