Beiyang reactionaries

789

When there is a confrontation between the two camps in Europe, China is carrying out its own affairs in an orderly manner.

In 1946, 1947, Europe was recovering economically, and so was Asia.Compared with Europe, Asia has suffered much less war damage, but the same foundation is much weaker than Europe.

Therefore, although it has not been affected by too many wars, there are many constraints on economic development.

Fortunately, after the end of World War II, the development of China's domestic market was relatively ideal, and the market scale expanded rapidly.Especially after the deregulation began, the grassroots immediately became alive and full of vitality.The administrative cost of government regulation is very high.

In the early years, China had been controlling the rural economy in order to protect agriculture and ensure that the industrial and agricultural scissors were poor.Including population movement is also under control.But now China's industry has a foundation, and many aspects can operate on their own.Investment funds for heavy industry are not as lacking as before.So there is no need to control as before.

China has deregulated county towns and rural areas below, resulting in a significant reduction in administrative costs.After the deregulation, the economy began to liven up.Especially various small self-employed, they began to become active.A planned economy and a market economy are complementary.

It cannot be completely controlled, nor can it be completely relaxed.

There must be a market in the plan, and there must be a plan in the market.Now that the war is over, the world will be generally peaceful in the next few decades, and there will be no major wars.Therefore, China's current strategy is to plan in the general direction, that is to say, the deployment of heavy industry still needs to be planned.The development of heavy industry is still inseparable from the support of the government.And the economy below began to deregulate to keep the market alive.

The situation is still very good.

The active county economy is a great supplement to the Chinese economy.Although China's current urban population has exceeded [-] million, it may even have a population of [-] million.But in fact, most of the urban population is not the population of big cities, but the population of county towns.China's current consumption is basically in big cities, and the market in county towns has not been fully developed.Now with the economic activity of the county, the county market has expanded in size.The population of the county is the largest, with hundreds of millions of people living in the county, which greatly increases the market demand in China and drives the development of China's economy.

Overall, after the end of World War II, China's economy showed a good momentum.The development of China's economy also drives the development of Asian economy.

Along with economic development, political reforms on the Chinese side also followed. In March 1947, parliamentary elections began in major counties and cities across the country. In September 3, the major provinces across the country began elections for provincial assemblies.

In March 1948, China held parliamentary elections.

Wang Jingwei, the vice-chairman of the Supreme Council who has been in charge of foreign affairs, assumed the post of Speaker of the National Assembly.Yang Wei, the former speaker of the National Assembly and the current vice chairman of the Supreme Council, was not re-elected as speaker of the National Assembly.

After the establishment of the new Congress, it immediately became busy.

Because after the establishment of the new Congress, the Standing Committee of the Congress will be elected first.Then start discussing the regime.

In May 1948, the new Congress began to discuss the new regime plan.After nearly three months of deliberations, in early September 5 Congress passed a regime change package.After confirming the termination of the Supreme Council, change the original cabinet system to a presidential system.It is determined that the head of state of China will be the president, and there will be two vice presidents under the president.

After the presidential election is passed, the president nominates the vice president, and Congress appoints the vice president after approval.

The President is the supreme head of state of China. Under the Presidential Office are the Cabinet, the Military Commission, the Supervisory Committee, the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Procuratorate. The Presidential Office is in charge of these departments.This time, the National Assembly confirmed that after changing to the presidential system, the president will also serve as the chairman of the military committee.

This is the first time that the President is legally required to concurrently serve as the Chairman of the Military Commission, further strengthening the authority of the President.

The President nominates the Prime Minister, the four Deputy Prime Ministers, the Chairman of the Supervisory Committee, the President of the Supreme Court, and the Prosecutor General of the Supreme Prosecutor’s Office, and they can take office after approval by the National Assembly.

These units under the Presidential Palace have all been regulated.

It is determined that the cabinet has a prime minister and four deputy prime ministers, and the prime minister is fully responsible for the work of the cabinet.Although the nomination of the deputy prime minister is in the hands of the president, the division of duties for the deputy prime minister is the purview of the prime minister.After the appointment of the Prime Minister of the Cabinet is approved, candidates for the Cabinet members, the Secretary-General of the Cabinet, the ministers of various cabinet ministries, the governor of the Bank of China, and the chairmen of various cabinet committees will be nominated.

After the Prime Minister is nominated, the approval of the President and Congress is required.

The same goes for other units.

The Chairman of the Supervisory Committee, the President of the Supreme Court, and the Chief Prosecutor of the Supreme Procuratorate, after their appointments are approved, will nominate some important positions in the unit.This is the operation of various departments in China after the presidential system.

As the highest legislative body, the Congress is nominally a parallel unit to the presidential palace.Congress has the power to supervise all government agencies, starting from the presidential palace.Starting from the presidential palace, all government agencies below, including the military committee, report to Congress every year.

Finally, there is the question of the tenure of these positions.

The term of office of the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Speaker of the National Assembly, Chairman of the Military Commission, Chairman of the Supervisory Commission, President of the Supreme Court, Chief Prosecutor of the Supreme Procuratorate, ministers of various ministries and commissions, and governors of various provinces is unified for six years, and consecutive terms shall not exceed two terms.

It was finally determined that the terms of office of the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Speaker of the National Assembly, Chairman of the Military Commission, Chairman of the Supervisory Commission, President of the Supreme Court, and Chief Prosecutor of the Supreme Procuratorate must be the same.Even if the people in these positions change due to special circumstances, the principle of consistent tenure must be followed.

Just like the Supreme Prosecutor, if there are other important tasks during the tenure and you need to change positions, or you cannot perform your duties due to physical reasons, then someone else can only come to serve as the Supreme Prosecutor.The newly appointed Supreme Prosecutor General can only fulfill the remaining term of office, instead of fulfilling the new six-year term.When it comes time for a general change of term, there must be a new election.

To achieve consistency, this session of Congress will be postponed.Originally, the speaker of the National Assembly and members of the National Assembly are elected for a six-year term, but due to special reasons, this time they may be re-elected for about eight to nine years.To match the term of office of the future president.

Changing the regime is a big deal.

But apart from this, Congress has much more to do. In November 1948, the Congress passed a new "Environmental Protection Act", which was the first complete environmental protection act in Chinese history marked with standard data.

With the passage of the Environmental Protection Act, the word environmental suddenly became a buzzword.

After environmental protection became a popular word, the cabinet submitted a proposal to the Congress to establish a Ministry of Environmental Protection. In December 1948, Congress passed a proposal to create a Ministry of Environmental Protection. On February 12, 1949, the Ministry of Environmental Protection was formally established.

On February 1949, 2, the newly established Ministry of Environmental Protection submitted a proposal for "Arbor Day" to the cabinet.The government is required to protect China's forests as soon as possible, and not to destroy the forests.

This is the first time that forest protection and the importance of tree planting have been put forward at the national level.

In January 1949, Congress passed China's first "Patent Law".Before this, there was a similar bill in China, which was the "Provisional Regulations on Rewarding Handicrafts" formulated by the Beiyang government in 1.This is one of the earliest acts of Chinese patents.

But this is just a very simple law and regulation, not a modern patent law.

However, the "Patent Law" introduced this time is a very detailed bill.As with the Environmental Law, with the patent law came the addition of another department to the Cabinet, the Directorate General of Patents.

After Congress began to perform its normal functions, various new bills appeared one after another.

In March 1949, Congress passed the new "Labor Law", which made great changes to the original "Labor Law".The new labor law has added a lot of new regulations on working hours, salary issues, and work-related injury compensation issues, and has many clear statements on worker protection.

However, this labor law cannot be compared with the perfect labor law decades later.Many aspects are still relatively general, because Congress considers the current economic situation in China, and China's economic foundation is still relatively poor.

If the labor law stipulates rigidly, then many self-employed people who are beginning to appear in China will not be able to develop at all.

In April 1949, Congress passed a new bill, the Insurance Act.In the previous "Insurance Law", a lot of content about pension and medical insurance has been added.In particular, the emergence of pension insurance has directly changed many concepts in China.

The cabinet has also begun to increase the corresponding departments.

In May 1949, the General Administration of Labor and Social Security was established.

In September 1949, during the session of the National Assembly, it was formally decided to terminate the Supreme Council.The time to determine the termination of the Supreme Council was February 9. At the March 1950 meeting, a new grand president will be elected.

The Supreme Council has half a year left.

In fact, for the past six months, the Supreme Council has been preparing for the transition to the next presidential system.

On March 1950, 3, Congress convened.

As the presidential candidate, Duan Xun was unanimously elected president of the Republic of China.Since the founding of the Republic of China, there have been many great presidents.But President Duan Xun is the first president since the Republic of China implemented the presidential system.

The two vice presidents nominated by Duan Xun are the former vice chairman of the Supreme Council and Li Jishen, the former vice chairman of the Military Commission.And served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, former Assistant to the Chairman of the Supreme Council, Wei Chenzuo, Foreign Affairs Committee Member of the Supreme Council.

There are many political leaders who have retired this time.

Liao Zhongkai, the former director of the supervisory committee, is 73 years old, Dai Kan, the former cabinet premier, is 70 years old, Yan Huiqing, the former executive vice premier of the cabinet, is 73 years old, and Yan Shichao, the former vice premier of the cabinet, is 69 years old.

Therefore, the cabinet prime minister nominated by Duan Xun this time is Tang Shizun, the former vice prime minister of the cabinet.Originally, in terms of qualifications and abilities, Jiang Hongyu, the former vice premier of the cabinet, was the best candidate.But Jiang Hongyu's health is not very good, so the 66-year-old Jiang Hongyu also chose to retire.

The National Assembly approved Duan Xun's nomination, and 67-year-old Tang Shizun became the Prime Minister of the cabinet.

In addition to the cabinet prime ministers, Duan Xun nominated You Min, Zhang Jiaao, Lu Zuofu, and Fan Xudong as cabinet vice premiers.Then nominated Wang Chonghui as the president of the Supreme Court, Weng Jingtang as the Chief Prosecutor of the Supreme Procuratorate, and Yang Wei as the Director of the Supervisory Committee.