Daming: Teach the prince about dragon slaying skills at the beginning

It doesn't matter whether the grain in the treasury of the capital is piled up like a mountain, or even rotted; and it doesn't matter whether the court needs to pay more than the value of the grain transported to maintain it because of the blockage of the waterway.

Anyway, in the total revenue of 700 million shi, the 400 million shi of grain must be transported by water! ! !

However, such a total annual income of 700 million shi is actually not a "budget income", but a "fixed income"! ! !

Similarly, in terms of expenditure, Daming did not have such a budgetary expenditure plan.

Which department needs to spend money for which things, such things, that department will not report to the Ministry of Households and the Son of Heaven in advance.

Generally, when you encounter it and need to spend money, you can directly ask the emperor, or raise it when playing in court.

Then the Ministry of Households will discuss with this department, or argue.

If you can argue and win the opponent and convince the emperor, then this expense can be saved.

If other courtiers and even the emperor think that the expenditure should be paid, and the Ministry of Households loses its argument and cannot convince the courtiers and emperors of other departments, then the Ministry of Householding will pay the money.

And over the course of the year, how many such things will there be? ! !

There will be many, many! ! !

And this also made it impossible for the Ministry of Households to determine how long the remaining money and food revenue from the current treasury can continue to be spent.

Because they can't be sure which department will come next, and whether there will be another expenditure that needs to be paid by the household department.

So sometimes if there are more things that need to spend money in the first half of the year, and the revenue in the second half of the year has not yet entered the treasury, then the treasury of the Ministry of Households will really be empty.

In the face of this situation, the Ministry of Household Affairs will either delay until the second half of the year's annual revenue enters the treasury, and then make up for the money that needs to be spent before.

Or it is through Hu Shumu, Yantie and other discounts and silver discounts.

Or just to see if I can take out some small treasury from the emperor for emergency, and try my best to survive.

After getting through it, there is no more.

This year, next year, year after year, year after year.

This is how the Daming Household Department and Daming Finance operate.

This is also the reason why Yan Changqing tried his best to persuade Zhu Yuanzhang to give up the use of the Ming Tongxing treasure banknote system.

Because a household department that doesn't even have the most basic and most important financial budget planning, it is impossible to run the Daming Tongxing treasure banknote system well!

Looking at the speechless Zhu Yuanzhang, prince Zhu Biao, Zhu Xi, Zhu Fang, Zhu Di and other princes, Yan Changqing said again:

"If you want to truly achieve fiscal revenue and expenditure budget planning, the two most important points are fiscal unity and separation of public and private!!!"

"And is Daming's finances unified now?!! Is public and private clear?!"

Hearing this, Zhu Yuanzhang couldn't help but said:

"Isn't Daming financially unified now, with a clear distinction between public and private?!"

Yan Changqing sneered, looked at Zhu Yuanzhang and said:

"Hehe, financial unification?!"

"Is it true that the national finances are all under the control of the Ministry of Households?!"

"For example, the Ministry of War, the support of the 'guard' and 'suo' soldiers of the Ming Dynasty, some will be assigned to a county or a state to be responsible for the supply."

"And the fiscal revenue and expenditure of the state and counties assigned to them are separated from the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Households and are instead under the Ministry of War."

"In other words, the financial revenue of these states and counties is no longer handed over to the Ministry of Households, but to the Ministry of War!"

"Similarly, the Ministry of War also needs horses. Before, it was handed over to the people to raise horses in the form of apportionment, and the land tax and labor service of each horse raising household were also transferred to the Ministry of War."

"Later, the court found that the effect was not good, so it changed its course and re-collected land taxes and hard labor, and used the income in this area to find someone to raise horses."

"However, the land tax and forced service income of these civilian households still continue to be collected by the Ministry of War, and have not been returned to the Ministry of Households, which will coordinate the income and expenditure."

"There is also a post station that also belongs to the Ministry of War. Generally, the nearby Lijia is responsible for providing resources, and this part of the financial resources is transferred from the Ministry of Households to the Ministry of War."

"In addition to the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Industry is also there."

"For example, the Ministry of Industry is in charge of construction, and it needs to determine the quantity and source of materials by item: how much wood is needed, where will it be sourced; how much stone is needed, where will it be sourced; how many craftsmen are needed, and where will be responsible for providing it, etc."

"` ˇThis also involves apportionment. When the apportionment reaches the locality, rice and beans were originally paid to the Ministry of Households according to the regulations. Now it is changed to pay timber to the Ministry of Industry, so the fiscal revenue of this part of the Ministry of Households is less gone."

"Today's Ming Dynasty's six ministries, although the household department is in charge of the world's money and food in name, but in fact the other five ministries other than the household department also have their own financial revenue."

"And these fiscal revenues often overlap and overlap with the fiscal revenues of the Ministry of Household Affairs."

"In turn, it will lead to power disputes between the Ministry of Finance and the other five ministries in terms of fiscal revenue."

"On the whole, the Ministry of Household Affairs and the other five ministries are mostly intertwined in terms of financial division."

"However, the Ministry of Finance and the other five ministries have the same status and are not affiliated with each other. In theory, only His Majesty can adjudicate the disputes between the Ministry of Accounting and the other five ministries in terms of financial power, but His Majesty may really have the energy and ability to understand them one by one. , Ruling?!"

"In the end, it still became the Ministry of Households and the other five ministries, and the world's financial revenue was divided into six ministries."

"Can this really be called fiscal unity?!"

Facing Yan Changqing's rhetorical question, Zhu Yuanzhang was once again speechless.

However, Yan Changqing did not let Zhu Yuanzhang go, and went further:

"Similarly, the most important reason why there is no distinction between public and private is that the expenditures of the court and the court are mixed!!!"

"In the past, Taichang, Guang Luxun, etc. among the Jiuqing of the Han Dynasty served the palace, and the income and expenditure of the palace were managed by the Shaofu, which was separate from the (money) court finances."

"But since His Majesty, the imperial palace and the imperial court have been completely integrated. The public affairs of the state cannot be separated from His Majesty's private affairs. Similarly, the state's financial expenditures are also inseparable from His Majesty's private expenditures."

"All the expenditures in the palace are all paid by the imperial court, which completely broke the two sets of income and expenditure arrangements of the palace and the imperial court in the past."

"And this method has one of the biggest disadvantages, that is, the expenditure in the palace involves the absolute power of His Majesty, so even the Ministry of Households cannot have a quota, let alone a budget plan."

"Because no one knows whether His Majesty would like to build a palace today, or whether he would like to repair a garden tomorrow, let alone refuse such a request from His Majesty."

"And how can such a way of mixing private spending and state spending be called a clear distinction between public and private?!"

"The same way of public and private mixed spending is a great hidden danger to the country's finances."

"Even if the relevant financial budget planning is really done in the end, it is often possible to break the original financial revenue and expenditure budget planning because of a sudden unspecified and unbudgetable palace expenditure!"

......

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Chapter 174: Chaos between the emperor's internal treasury and the national treasury 【Please subscribe, please order in full】

Zhu Yuanzhang couldn't help feeling speechless again when he heard Yan Changqing's reasons for not separating public and private finances.

In the dynasties before the Ming Dynasty, such as the Song Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Han Dynasty, etc., these national treasuries were separated from the internal treasury of the emperor's royal court.

The financial revenue of the national treasury will allocate part of the fixed fiscal revenue to the emperor's royal court treasury every year to support the expenses of the emperor's royal court. As for the other fiscal revenues of the national treasury, it is used for various national finances expenditure.

Of course, sometimes after the emperor's imperial court treasury was used up, he would still ask the household department for more money.

But in general, under normal circumstances, the revenue and expenditure of the emperor's royal court are separate and independent from the country's revenue and expenditure.

However, at the beginning of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, there was no such thing as the emperor's royal court inner treasury. The treasury was the emperor's royal court inner treasury, and the emperor's imperial court inner treasury was the treasury. The two were mixed.

This is mainly because Zhu Yuanzhang believes that the emperor is rich all over the world, and all the wealth of the world is the wealth of the emperor, and the wealth of the emperor is also the wealth of the world.

That being the case, why divide the inner treasury of the emperor's royal court? ! !

As long as the emperor is a public servant and prudently thrifty, even if the state treasury bears the expenses of the emperor's royal court, it will not have any impact on the country.

After all, even if the internal treasury of the emperor's royal court is not divided, a part of the national fiscal revenue in the national treasury originally belonged to the emperor's royal court.

When the emperor's royal court spent money, it was actually this part of the money, but Zhu Yuanzhang didn't divide it out on purpose.

Zhu Yuanzhang's idea, from his own point of view, cannot be said to be wrong.

Because he thought so himself, and he did.

In the Hongwu Dynasty, among the 480% of the fiscal expenditure of the national treasury, the expenditure of the emperor's royal court did not account for much.

At least compared to the monarchs of previous dynasties, Zhu Yuanzhang is definitely a frugal person.

But Zhu Yuanzhang overestimated the character of the son of the descendants of his old Zhu family! ! !

Zhu Yuanzhang was able to serve the public wholeheartedly and save money cautiously.

But it doesn't mean that the descendants of the old Zhu's family can also do this.

After Zhu Yuanzhang, among the financial expenditures of the national treasury, the proportion of the emperor's royal court expenditure began to gradually increase.

For example, in history, after Zhu Di Jingnan succeeded to the throne, in order to regain the military power of the vassal kings, the salaries and benefits of the vassal kings' clan relatives were greatly increased.

This has led to a significant increase in the part of the national financial expenditure that originally belonged to the emperor's royal court.

For the most part, the subsequent Emperor of Heaven was not a thrifty emperor.

At least he will not treat himself badly like Zhu Yuanzhang in terms of food and clothing, etc. The emperor's dignity, luxury and ostentation are basically arranged.

Therefore, since the period of Zhu Qizhen, the "God of War of the Ming Dynasty", the finances of the national treasury, that is, the inner treasury, have begun to tend to the emperor's royal family and the royal court.

In addition, Zhu Qizhen also embedded some matters that were originally under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Households into the inner palace of the emperor's royal court, which directly led to the participation of eunuchs in the inner palace of the emperor's imperial court in the process of storing materials in the national treasury.

Household officials' management power over the state treasury, that is, the internal treasury, gradually decreased, and even lost the right to manage it.

After all, after the state treasury and the emperor's royal court treasury were mixed into one, then ⑥⒐⑧5⒉5⑧[-]【blank】When the emperor and the Ministry of Households wanted to use the money, food and materials in the state treasury at the same time, the final result would definitely be the Ministry of Households' concession.

So in the face of this situation, after the Ministry of Households couldn't bear it, it decided to start a new stove, not to mix the national fiscal revenue with the emperor's imperial court treasury! ! !

So the Ministry of Households "secretly" established a Taikuang that was independent of the original state treasury and directly under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Households in the seventh year of Zhengtong (1442).

As for the original national treasury, that is, the inner treasury, it was specially reserved for the emperor to use as the inner treasury of the emperor's royal court.

Afterwards, the internal treasury became more inclined to the royal family's finances, and the annual revenue of Taicang warehouse gradually increased. In this process, part of the original income of the internal treasury was owned by Taicang warehouse.

However, even if the Ministry of Households has established its own warehouse, or it can be said to be dedicated to national finance.

However, it is still unavoidable for the emperor to reach out into the Taikuang to touch the silver, or even move the silver from the Taikuang to the inner treasury of the emperor's royal court.

In the end, the emperor and the household department came and went, seeing each other for decades.

It was not until the Jiajing period that the two sides reached a certain compromise, and there was basically an unwritten proportional division.

But even so, sometimes the demarcation line between the emperor's internal treasury and the state treasury Taiku is still unclear.

For example, in the 22nd year of Jiajing, the military situation in Bianzhen was in critical condition and urgently needed military pay. The Ministry of Household Affairs and court ministers asked the emperor to temporarily lend the money and food in the emperor's internal treasury to Bianzhen.

Because it is borrowed, this part of the income cannot be counted as the normal income of Taicang.

But if there is one, there are two. Once the money, food and materials in the national treasury in Taikuang are insufficient again, then the courtiers of the household department will use this reason to "borrow" from the emperor's inner treasury again to relieve Taikuang.

Of course, most of the time, the Ministry of Household Affairs borrows money and will not repay it.

Once the emperor asks the Ministry of Accounts to pay back the money, the Ministry of Accounts will often find reasons to shirk it again and again, or simply say nothing.

Facing the reply from the Ministry of Accounts, how could the emperor be satisfied, so he once again found a reason to go to the Taikuang of the Ministry of Accounts to touch money.

So in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, one of the things that the emperor and the Ministry of Household often did was that the emperor found a reason to touch the silver in the warehouse of the Ministry of Accounting, and the Ministry of Household found an excuse to borrow the silver in the emperor's inner treasury.

After going back and forth like this, the boundary between the emperor's internal treasury and the state treasury's warehouse was once again blurred.

The final result is that sometimes the national treasury Taiku is like the inner treasury, and sometimes the inner treasury is like the national treasury.

This kind of state fiscal revenue and expenditure that is not clear about public and private interests makes Yan Changqing's blood pressure rise.

In such a state finance where public and private are not clearly distinguished, Yan Changqing just wants to make a budget plan for fiscal revenue and expenditure, just want to say, be a hammer! ! !

Even if the fiscal revenue and expenditure budget plans are actually made, such fiscal revenue and expenditure budget plans will not have any reference or implementability.

As long as the Ministry of Accounting finds several more excuses to borrow the money in the emperor's inner treasury, or the emperor finds a few more reasons to touch the money in the Tai warehouse of the Ministry of Accounting.

Then the original fiscal revenue and expenditure budget planning will basically be abolished.

"So, if you want the Ministry of Household Affairs to really take on the role of budget planning for a country's fiscal revenue and expenditure."

"Then the Ministry of Households must truly unify the national fiscal revenue and expenditure, and the emperor's internal treasury and the national treasury must be clearly distinguished!!"

"And to achieve these two points, it means that the other five ministries of the imperial court have to hand over the small coffers that have encroached on the financial power of the Ministry of Households, and really transfer the income distribution power of all money, food and materials in the country to In the hands of the household department."

"Similarly, even the financial revenue and expenditure of the emperor's royal court must be separated from the national treasury of the Ministry of Households."

"It's better to say the latter, as long as His Majesty can figure it out, then they can be separated."

"However, the former is equivalent to simultaneously depriving the authority of the other five ministries of the imperial court to strengthen the authority of the household division."

"Although this part of the financial power of the five ministries of the imperial court itself is encroaching on the household department, since this part of the financial power has been encroached on by the other five ministries, it will be even more difficult to get them to spit it out again."