I am the king of the dead

Hu Yi changed the subject and said with a smile: "I just thought of the bureaucratic system under the bureaucratic system of the Ming Dynasty."

Changing the topic is the instinct of every Ming civil servant. When he doesn't want to talk too much about a certain issue, he throws out another content and continues the discussion.

The bureaucratic bureaucratic system has several characteristics. First, there are clear and formal rules and regulations, similar to the "Emperor Ming Zu Xun", "Da Ming Law", a total of 95 articles, "Constituent Outline and Shi Lei", etc.

Secondly, there is a clear division of labor, stipulating the powers, authority and tasks of each department, and no overstepping or prevarication is allowed.The Six Ministries of the Ming Dynasty, Wenyuan Pavilion, Metropolitan Procuratorate, Imperial Academy, 24 Internal Administration, etc. all have such a division of labor.

The third is a clear hierarchy of power, accepting administrative orders from superiors and administering management to subordinates, a kind of hierarchical power stratification.

The fourth is a clear official relationship. It is not allowed to break the organizational rules because of personal relationships. Wang Zhi was almost impeached and resigned because he illegally besieged the Ship Office of Songjiang Prefecture during the Jiezhen period. It is this clear official relationship.

The fifth is assessment and appointment. Wang Zhi is in charge of the Ministry of Officials.

The sixth is professional and professional career. There are three top candidates in the imperial examination, three top candidates, second top candidates from Jinshi backgrounds, and third top candidates from both Jinshi backgrounds. Rankings are determined according to different imperial examinations, with different prospects.

The top three are generally fantasists, who specially compile fantasies and give banquets for the emperor.

The second class is generally a Beijing official, and the third class is mostly a local official.

Now all the second-class Jinshi and the third-class Jinshi need to go out to be officials, compete on the same stage, and finally get involved in the capital as officials.

"roll".

Bureaucracy is a word formed by Nicolaus from the word "desk" in French and the word "rule" in Roman law, which means a layer-by-layer office system.

"Oh?" Nicolaus was very interested in the bureaucratic system of the Ming Dynasty, his eyes were shining brightly, and Hu Wei naturally had a lot to say.

"The bureaucracy generally exists in the imperial court, localities, government factories, Imperial Academy, academies, and merchants." Seeing that the topic has been successfully changed, Hu Wei began to explain the various bureaucratic systems of the Ming Dynasty.

The imperial examination, the selection of scholars for the country, whether it is Jinshi or Juren, is qualified to be an official. In some remote areas, Juren is already very important.

Hu Wei and Nikolaoz chatted for a long time about the bureaucratic system of Ming Dynasty. He looked at the sky and said helplessly, "Although I really want to chat with you, it's getting late, so I'll leave without further trouble."

Hu Yi took out his light oil lamp, turned the copper knob, and after warming up, he began to increase the firepower. The asbestos glow was quite dazzling, illuminating the entire Huitong hall through the transparent glass.

Brightness is also one of His Majesty's stories. Although there are stories about the fifty acres of Xiangwang's mansion on Jilong Island, it is more beautiful and moving. There are so many stories, but not many.

It is human nature to fear the night and yearn for the light.

"Farewell." Hu Wei lifted his own lantern and walked out of the Huitong Hall.

Nikolaoz looked enviously at the bright lamp, which illuminated the room, and then the room fell into darkness again.

Elena naturally saw Nikolaoz's envy, and said with a smile: "If I enter Tai'an Palace, I will ask His Majesty to bestow a gift from the God of the Sun to the governor."

A light oil lamp, which Elena calls a gift from the God of the Sun.

Because no one explained the principle of the light oil lamp to Elena, Elena could only think it was a gift from the Sun God.

The sun god Apollo is in charge of light.

Nikolaoz shook his head and said, "Da Ming's etiquette is completely different from Roman law. They say that only names and utensils should not be fake people. The gift of the sun god is not so easy to get."

Nikolaoz's guess is correct, Wang Gong factory does not have the ability to mass-produce light oil lamps, because the production is really laborious, most of them are cast by the lost wax method, and then polished by hand to ensure a perfect fit.

For example, the gap between the copper beads of the knob is no more than half a hair.

The emperor of Ming Dynasty was telling stories. Although light oil blow lamps are difficult to make, cotton wick light oil lamps are very simple.

Hu Yi carried the lantern, walked through the streets and alleys, and wandered to Tai'an Palace.

Through talking with Nikolaoz, Hu found the answer to a question.

"See Your Majesty, is Your Majesty safe?" Hu Wei saluted.

"Sit." Zhu Qiyu just put down a memorial, nodded and said, "What's the matter?"

Hu Yan happily extinguished his own lamp, and said with a smile: "Your Majesty, I tasted tea with the envoy of the Great Qin Kingdom, Nikolaoz, and gained a lot. I came to Tai'an Palace to report to Your Majesty."

Your Majesty is still frugal, and there is only one wick for the household department and Tai'an Palace.

"Oh? What is it about?" Zhu Qiyu asked curiously.

Hu Yan smiled and said, "Etiquette."

Zhu Qiyu leaned on the soft rattan chair and asked with a smile: "In Hu Shangshu's eyes, is everything a ritual?"

Hu Wei said very confidently: "People cannot live without the word etiquette. Everything about people is etiquette."

"Let's talk about it, Hu Shangshu has made another big discovery." Zhu Qiyu gave up discussing etiquette and law with Hu Wei. How many people have challenged him, and he will not waste his time.

Hu Wei thought for a long time and said, "Your Majesty, there is something wrong with the bureaucrats of our Ming Dynasty."

Zhu Qiyu sat up straight and said, "That's right, has Hu Shangshu found the root of the problem?"

"Yes." Hu Yan said with a frown, "I have been thinking about this issue all the time. What's wrong with the bureaucrats? Once they are released, they will become chaotic, and if they are controlled, they will die."

As soon as power is released, there will be chaos. To be specific, once power is released, demons, monsters, ghosts and monsters will start to dance wildly. For example, Song Zhang, the Chief Secretary of Fujian Province who has been executed, has aroused millions of people to rise up. This is an example.

To be specific, it is to increase the scale layer by layer, constantly multiplying, constantly expanding the attack area, and then one size fits all, whatever His Majesty wants to control, the officials will directly kill them all, and finally it will be like a pool of stagnant water.

Zhu Qiyu thought for a moment and said: "Emperor Taizu Gao said: The way of the sage king is broad and restrained, and it is not lenient to discard; simple but tactful, not easy to let easy. If it is moderate, there is no harm. Yes. To be lenient and strict."

"Emperor Taizu Gao is very powerful." Hu Wei hurriedly answered, the ancestral methods of the Ming Dynasty all came from Emperor Taizu Gao, so of course Emperor Gao was very powerful.

Hu Wei continued: "Your Majesty, what Emperor Taizu Gao said was from top to bottom. I think the problem lies in the word clan, which is from bottom to top."

Zhu Qiyu knocked on the table and said, "Clan?"

Chapter 476 The folk customs are not good, and the education is unclear

Hu Wei looked around and took out a piece of paper, drew a few circles on it and said, "Your Majesty, this is a person, this is a household, this is a clan, this is the world."

"One household has five members. People make up a household. Every household is the most basic thing in the world. All dynasties and dynasties have compiled households and all the people."

"Families gather together to form clans, and clans and clans form the world."

What Hu Wei said is not difficult to understand. Translation is the relationship between an individual and an organization.

The individual is not the basic element of society, but the household or family is, and a family constitutes a clan.

The clan is a kind of organization, the bureaucracy of the bureaucracy is also an organization, and the workshops and colleges are also organizations.

Then there are relationships within the organization. There are contracts, employment, and lease relationships within the organization. There are also relationships between organizations, such as cooperative alliances, antagonistic competitions, and inseparable relationships.

Just as no one can leave the labor of others, organizations are nested in all aspects of life, and no organization can leave other organizations.

Although Hu Wei only drew a few circles, he wrote a few words inside, people, households, clans, and the world.

"Cultivate one's morality, govern one's family, rule the country and bring peace to the world." Hu Wei said excitedly, "Cultivating one's body is a person, regulating one's family is a household, and governing a country is a clan."

"The "Book of Rites" says: After cultivating the body, the family will be in order, the family will be in order, and the country will be governed, and the country will be governed, and then the world will be peaceful."

Guo, the original meaning of the word is bangguo, feudal city.

There is "口" on the outermost surface, indicating the scope and defense of the land, because in the country, there is the force "Ge" to defend the land of the city.

"Zhou Li" notes: The big is called the state, the small is called the country, and the residence of the state is also called the country.Analysis of words also.

Therefore, there is no problem with Hu Wei's interpretation of the state as a clan.

In the book of rites, it emphasizes self-cultivation and family governance, family governance and national governance, and national governance and world peace.

This clearly shows a relationship of social progress, inclusion and inclusion.

Hu Wei continued: "The emphasis on patriarchy in Roman law is ultimately to emphasize that the clan law is greater than the law, and their patriarchal power is above the law!"

"So the clan will be unbreakable and impenetrable, forming a social state in which private rights are paramount."

"Private rights are paramount, everyone does not lose anything, everyone benefits the world, society is loose, and without a skeleton, they can only resort to ghosts and gods."

"So, even the Great Qin State was a polytheistic sect at the beginning. As time went by, it was inevitable to resort to ghosts and gods, and finally in the hands of Theodosius I, the monotheistic sect was officially confirmed."

"Afterwards, Theodosius I divided his two sons into two Great Qin Kingdoms, East and West. The Western Qin was destroyed by the Germanic barbarians, and the Eastern Qin was about to perish at the hands of the Ottomans."

The supremacy of private rights has led to families everywhere, and the relationship between families is dominated by indifference, vendetta, and rivalry.

Therefore, the demise of Western Rome caused the whole of Taixi to fall into an endless night, and killing, blood, disorder, and violence filled the entire Taixi land.

There was a similar period in China. After the chaos of the Three Kingdoms, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties followed. This was a long period of war.

The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were a completely absurd era, without a trace of beauty.

The result of the great speculation in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is: the military system of Juntianfu.

Hu Wei continued: "It is precisely because patriarchal power is greater than legal power that the Great Qin Kingdom, Western Qin Kingdom, and Eastern Qin Kingdom have never been able to produce bureaucratic bureaucrats."

Zhu Qiyu suddenly thought of the United States in the future, where there is no concept of power rent-seeking at all, and all behaviors that use power for profit are legal.

What Hu said makes sense.

"If Taixi is a typical family system, then Daming is a state where the clan system and bureaucratic management are parallel." Zhu Qiyu nodded and said.

Clans are closely united based on ancestor worship. Any genealogy, if you turn it over, there will be celebrities of past dynasties.

Anyway, climbed up to relatives.

Similar behaviors include Liu Yuan, a Hun who established the Han Dynasty and named Liu Chan as his ancestor.

The family system is based on the patriarchal monopoly of power and close together.

Although there is only one word difference between clan system and family system, it is a world of difference.

The Ming Dynasty emphasized the obligation of the son, that is, filial piety, while the Romans emphasized the father, that is, patriarchal authority, and finally moved towards two different contexts: the clan system and the family system.

"Yes." Hu Zhensheng said: "So, Your Majesty, although it is somewhat inappropriate to trace all problems back to the clan, the source of most of the problems is indeed the clan."

Zhu Qiyu nodded and said, "Well, it makes sense."

If you look at it from a broad perspective, you will find that the power structure of Ming Dynasty is composed of two parts.

The first part is naturally the top-down imperial power, and the one hand is the clan and township power controlled by the gentry from the bottom up. The two operate in parallel and interact with each other.

The gentry waved their flags and shouted, asking the emperor to "rule the world by doing nothing" is to protect their clan and village rights.

The imperial power relies on bureaucratic officials to rule, but these officials themselves are part of the gentry and come from the gentry, so it is not surprising that the emperor's prestige is weak, and all kinds of demons and ghosts dance around.

The relationship between clan system and bureaucracy is reciprocal and parasitic to each other. Although there is opposition, there is also cooperation.

Hu's perspective is very interesting.

When Nicolaus came to Daming with thousands of volumes of books, and when Chinese and Western cultures began to communicate, Hu Wei first saw the etiquette, and found the difference in the operation of the social model from the root.

On the road of exploration, Rome has actually experienced the exploration of bureaucracy and family system, and it is not a simple family system, but patriarchy always overrides legal power, so they need religion, and they need monotheism, and then power and theocracy are closely related combined.

However, in the Ming Dynasty, the clan system and the bureaucracy were paralleled, so there were repeated pulls.

Hu Wei stood up and said emotionally: "Ban Gu's "Hanshu" said: "One pavilion is ten miles away, and the pavilion has a length; ten pavilions and one township are all made by Qin Dynasty."

"The Qin system is to make the people into groups, and the ministers of relatives sit together."

"In the Qin and Han Dynasties, ten families were organized into one Shi, and five families were organized into one army to monitor and report each other. One family broke the law, and ten families were jointly punished."

""Tang Law Shuyi" said: Lizheng and others are in charge of the people. Since they are in the same place, they are familiar with each other. , to urge taxation and labor."

"In the Tang Dynasty, a hundred households were a mile, and five miles were a township. Four families were neighbors, and five families were guarantors. Those who live in the city are the workshops, and those who live in the fields are the villages."

"The "Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty" contains: system, edict, book, order, teaching, and talisman. The province of Shangshu is in the state, the state is in the county, and the county is in the township. just."

Zhu Qiyu understood what Hu Wei wanted to express, the importance of building grassroots organizations.

Both the Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties had strict grassroots organizations, and Shang Yang's came up with a law of even sitting, which was the case in Qin and Han Dynasties, and even punished.

However, the Tang Dynasty adopted the Li Township Law, where one hundred households constituted one Li, and five Li constituted one Township.

There were six kinds of official documents in the Tang Dynasty, among which the talismans were specially sent to the county, and the county issued a post to the township chief, Lizheng, and village principal.

Datang imperial power penetrated deep into the village level.

For example, Du Fu's "Shihao Officials" has a description of "throwing into Shihao Village at dusk, and officials arrest people at night", and Du Xunhe also said in "The Widow in the Mountain" that "even if it is deep in the mountains, there should be no way to avoid conscripts", etc. Wait.

The poets of the Tang Dynasty outlined the entire Tang Dynasty in their poems, and the bureaucrats of the Tang Dynasty also described the appearance of the Tang Dynasty in their discussions.

The clan system and bureaucracy spiraled repeatedly in the struggle, and there is no doubt that the imperial power of the Ming Dynasty was always greater than that of the patriarchal family.

Even in the reign of Tianqi and before the ninth year of Chongzhen, Liao's payment could be collected.

From the Qing Dynasty until the Guangxu period, Liao pay was collected, and the name was not changed, just this name.

Will the Qing Dynasty conquer Liaodong by collecting Liao pay?

I ask myself?

In fact, it is not completely that the imperial power is greater than the patriarchal power. In essence, the public power under the great unity is greater than the private power. Zhu Qiyu has a very clear understanding of this.

Zhu Qiyu said with certainty: "In the Ming Dynasty, there were hundreds of households in one mile, and six miles in one township. I appointed commanders to manage the farms. There are three levels of village managers, namely Jiashou, Lizheng and commanders. , has been in operation for five full years.”