Summoning of the Great General of the Great Qin Empire

Chapter 236

Songtsen Gampo (Songtsen Gampo, Wiley: Srong-btsan Sgam-po, Tibetan Pinyin: Songzain Gambo; 617-650). "Xin Tang Shu" wrote Qizong Nongzan and Qizong Nong; "Cefu Yuangui" wrote Qizong Nongzan, Qi Song Nongzan, and Bufu Nongzan; "Tongdian" wrote Qisong Nongzan.Qiongwadaze (now Qiongjie, Shannan, Tibet) was born.According to the unearthed Tibetan documents chronicling major events in Tubo, Songtsen Gampo died in 649 (the first year of Emperor Gaozong Yonghui in the Chinese book, 650), and lived in Zanpu for more than 20 years.

According to Tibetan tradition, Songtsan Gampo was the 33rd Zanpu of the Tubo Dynasty, and was actually the founding king of the Tubo Dynasty.During his reign (629-650), he moved the capital to Luoxie (now Lhasa, Tibet), quelled civil strife in Tubo, subdued Yangtong, unified Tibet, and formally established the Tubo Kingdom ruled by slave owners.He developed agricultural and animal husbandry production, promoted irrigation, ordered people to formulate texts, and promulgated "big decrees" governing Tubo to deal with the relationship between the Zanpu royal family and aristocratic families, small states and all social classes, and created administrative systems and military systems. , set up official ranks, promulgated laws and regulations, unified weights and measures and taxation systems, promoted the overall development of Tubo's politics, economy, and culture, established Tubo's political, military, economic, and legal systems, and introduced Buddhism from the Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu. .In the 15th year of Zhenguan (641), Songtsan Gampo went to Bohai (now Ering Lake, Zaling Lake, Qinghai) to marry Princess Wencheng, a daughter of the Tang clan.In Tang Dynasty, he was granted the title of Prince Consort Captain and King of Xihai County.Songtsan Gampo sent noble children to Chang'an to study Chinese poetry and books, and asked Central Plains scribes to take charge of their expressions.During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty, Songtsen Gampo presented fifteen kinds of gold, silver and jewelry, which promoted the cultural exchange between Han and Tibetan.

"Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" comments: All the pure customs and wise political affairs of Tubo were due to the appearance of King Songtsen (Songtsen Gampo) at this time.

The real name is Songtsan Gampo, also known as Qizong Nongzan, Qizong Nongzan, Qizong Nongzan, Qisong Nongzan, Bufu Nongzan, Qisun Nongzan, the birthplace of the Tibetan ethnic group in the Tang Dynasty (Tubo) Yalongzha Duiyuan Jiangba Mujueling Palace was born in 617 and died in 650. The main achievements were the unification of Tibet, the formal establishment of the Tubo Dynasty, the reform of political and military systems, and the creation of Tubo religion and Buddhism. In the first year of Sui Yining (617), Songtsan Gampo was born in Asia The Jiangba Mujueling Palace in Longzha Duiyuan (now located in Jiama Township, Mozhugongka County, Lhasa City).

His father, Langri Songtsan, was the 32nd generation Zanpu of the Tubo Dynasty.When he was 3 years old, his father led his troops to wipe out the Subi tribe and unified the Tibetan plateau. From the leader of a small state in the south of Shanshan, he became the monarch of various tribes in Tubo.

Songtsan Gampo's mother's name is Satagem.According to Tibetan legend, he was intelligent, resolute and versatile since he was a child, so his officials honored him with the title Songtsen Gampo.Some historical records also praised him as a "generous and talented man", "excellent in martial arts", "multiple heroic strategy", "mastery of craftsmanship, calendar calculation, and martial arts". He is a smart and talented hero.The reason why Songtsen Gampo became such a character is inseparable from his family and the edification and education he received.

He is the only son of Langri Lunzan and the legal successor of Tubo Zanpu. His family and Tibetan subjects place high hopes on him, hoping that he can bring greater happiness and development to the country and people.He has received rigorous training in riding, archery, fencing, and martial arts since he was a child, and has become a warrior with outstanding martial arts since he was ten years old.In terms of cultural accomplishment, he can recite Zanpu's lineage and is very familiar with historical hero legends.He likes Tubo folk songs and is good at poetry creation. He often composes poems impromptuly at banquets. His works are the earliest among the circulating Tubo literature.

Langri Lunzan was very concerned about the cultivation of Songtsen Gampo's moral character.The friends chosen for him are all people with good moral character, good behavior, honesty and prudence, such as the famous Tubo Prime Minister Shang Nang, who is one of them.They often ride and shoot together, hunt, sing and dance together, and also like to play games such as Lubo and Go.Although Songtsan Gampo is a prince, he treats his friends with sincerity and sincerity, and has a bold personality without arrogance, so he has won the hearts of the people.

After Songtsan Gampo was born, he lived a luxurious and superior life in the court.At that time, Qiongba was not only the political center, but also had a very prosperous economy. Merchants gathered here. Salt, cloth, turquoise, pearls and other decorations from afar were also transported here, and they were stored in the warehouse of the palace. With all kinds of treasures and special products to supply the needs of the royal family, Songtsen Gampo spent his childhood under such material conditions.

Langri Lunzan relied on the strength of the original Subi nobles such as Zang Zang, Ba Yuzebu, and Nong Zhongbo to annex the Jiqu River Basin and other places, and gave them territories and slaves, so that the status of the new nobles surpassed The old aristocrats were eliminated, and the royal power was greatly enhanced.However, it violated the interests of the old nobles and aroused the dissatisfaction of the old officials of Tubo, so they harbored resentment and conspired to rebel.In the third year of Tang Zhenguan (629), the old aristocrats rebelled together. Dabo, Gongbu, Niangbo and other areas were all occupied by the rebels. Prince Subi returned to Zangbo to wait for the opportunity to carry out the "restoration" activities. They combined with the old nobles of Subi, raised troops to expel the officials and garrisons of Jongpo Pangse, and sent troops to attack Tubo. The new Tubo kingdom faced a new crisis.

At this time, Songtsan Gampo was only 12 years old. In this sudden crisis, with the support of his uncle Lun Keer and the prime minister Shang Nang and other trusted ministers, he ascended the Zanpu throne.On the one hand, he sticks to the area of ​​Qiongjie and Zedang in Shannan, and on the other hand, he traces the person who conspired to poison his father. After some investigation, he finds out the leaders, wipes out many old nobles, and eliminates the hostile forces in the palace. The situation soon stabilized.The power of the old nobles gradually weakened, and Yangtong's attack was also resisted by the Niang clan in the Nianchu River area.

After the situation stabilized, Songtsen Gampo personally crossed the Yarlung Zangbo River to inspect the Jiqu Valley area, and was welcomed and supported by some nobles and common people.People in the Pengyu region paid tribute to him and expressed their allegiance to him, and the northern region was consolidated.Songtsan Gampo saw that there were many people who supported him, and he strengthened his confidence in reunifying Tubo.Seeing that Songtsen Gampo was young, some great nobles were very conceited. In order to recruit and train soldiers, Songtsen Gampo played tricks with them.Songtsan Gampo's arrogance as a prince was suppressed, and his character became taciturn, young and mature, which was more in line with the title of "Songtsan Gampo"."Songtsan" in Tibetan means dignified and dignified, and "Ganbu" means deep and grand.

Songtsen Gampo made friends with small and medium-sized nobles here, went deep into the people, inquired about the people's sufferings, and rewarded the soldiers generously. After three years, the army became very elite. About the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), troops began to be sent to quell the rebellion.With the hearts of the people subdued and the soldiers serving their lives, the rebellion was quickly put down, the area occupied by the rebels was captured, and the old nobles were defeated and surrendered.In this way, Songtsan Gampo completely brought the land, people and troops they occupied under Zanpu's control, and the unity of Tubo was restored.The old aristocracy was hit hard and they lost their original privileges.

After Songtsen Gampo quelled the rebellion, he had the idea of ​​moving the capital.When he visited Pengyu in the north, he went to Luoxie area. He liked the dangerous geographical situation, the beautiful wilderness and the majestic Potala Mountain here very much.Before he put down the rebellion, he recruited soldiers and trained the army here, established a deep relationship with the tribal leaders and the people here, and won their support. The force he put down the rebellion was all the tribe members here. If you want to control With this force, we cannot stay away from this area.Although the Qiongjie and Zedang areas in the south of Shannan are the birthplace of Tubo, and there are ancestors' tombs there, because of the murder of Langri Lunzan, he always had doubts about the old nobles there.

Compared with the small and narrow Yalong River Valley, the Jiqu River Valley has a wider area. Luoxie (now Lhasa, Tibet) is located in the lower reaches of the Jiqu River. It is the center of Pengyu, once the base of Supi, and has the political center of the Tibetan Plateau. status.Luoxie is protected by Nyainqentanglha Mountain in the north, Niangbo, Gongbu and other places in the east, Yangtong in the west, and Yalong River Valley in the south, with a moderate location.Moving the capital logically is more conducive to defending Supi in the north and Yangtong in the west.Due to the above considerations, after the rebellion was quelled, Songtsen Gampo, Prime Minister Shang Nang and others reviewed the situation and decided to move the capital to Luoxie.

In the seventh year of Zhenguan (633), to adapt to the situation, Songtsan Gampo moved the capital from Qiongjie in the south of Shannan to Luoxie.With the migration of the capital city, many tribes living in the mountains moved to the plains one after another, and more people engaged in farming. The past nomadic pastoralism also changed to settled grazing, which promoted the development of production.Move the capital logically, so that Tubo can truly occupy the confidant area of ​​the Tibetan plateau, and can control the Quartet from the center, which provides favorable conditions for the development and prosperity of Tubo.After the capital was moved, a large area of ​​farmland appeared on the plain, with cattle and sheep everywhere, and fat horses.

As the national power of Tubo grew stronger day by day, Songtsan Gampo began his plan to unify the Tibetan plateau.At that time, among the Qiangs in the north of Tubo, Su Pi was the largest. After suppressing the rebellion, although Su Pi's attack was stopped, his threat still existed.So Songtsen Gampo decided to send Shang Nang, a prime minister with political and military talents, to attack Subi.After defeating Subi's resistance, Shang Nang adopted the method of appeasement, publicizing Songtsan Gampo's policy of accepting followers, treating the common people of Subi the same as the households of the Tubo headquarters, so that they can live and work in peace; allowing the nobles of Subi to retain their territories, Paying tribute according to the regulations, so he quickly recruited and surrendered all the tribes of Subi, and since then Tubo's territory has expanded to the south of Qinghai.

In the southwest of Tubo, in the south of Hotan, there is Yangtong (also known as Zhangxiong). When Langri talked about Zanzan, he married Tubo.After suppressing the rebellion, Songtsan Gampo personally conquered Yangtong, and Yangtong surrendered to Tubo again.Songtsan Gampo married his younger sister Saimaga to Wang Yangtong as his concubine, and enticed him.In the 12th year of Zhenguan (638), when Songtsan Gampo attacked Tuyuhun and entered the border of Tang Dynasty, Yang Tong also sent troops to accompany the conquest, and also met Tang Taizong with Tubo envoys.

However, Yang Tongwang was unwilling to serve Tubo and resented the expropriation of property. He repeatedly carried out anti-Tubo activities and had military conflicts.Yang Tongwang is estranged from Saimaga and loves the original princess, and Saimaga is also determined to eliminate Yangtongwang.In the 18th year of Zhenguan (644), Songtsan Gampo sent troops to attack Yangtong and killed the king of Yangtong.In this way, Songtsen Gampo completed the unification of the Tibetan plateau.In the future, the economic and cultural relationship between the Yangtong people and the people in Tubo became closer, and they gradually merged to form a unified Tibetan nationality, which enabled the development of the western frontier of our country.

After moving the capital, the Nibalo (Nepal) country at the southern foot of the Himalayas also began to engage with Tubo.Niboluo had already entered the feudal society at that time, and its economy and culture were very developed.In the fourth year of Zhenguan (630), King Yangshu Famo began to be a regency. He implemented a policy of mercantile and vigorously developed foreign trade.Niboluo's handicrafts are extremely exquisite, and its sculptures, paintings, and architecture have reached a high level. In order to sell handicrafts to Tubo and conduct trade with Tubo, he took the initiative to send envoys to Tubo to recruit.In order to build the capital, Songtsan Gampo needed the help of Nibalo people, so he immediately asked for the job.

When building the Red Palace on the top of Potala Mountain, many Niboluo craftsmen were recruited.In the 12th year of Zhenguan (638), Songtsan Gampo proposed to Nipoluo.In the 13th year of Zhenguan (639), King Yangshuvarmo married his daughter Princess Chizun to Songtsan Gampo.In the same year, Songtsan Gampo sent Lu Dongzan, Tunmi and others to Nipoluo to marry Princess Chizun.When Princess Chizun entered Tibet, she brought a statue of Sakyamuni Buddha, a glazed bowl, treasure silk, male and female servants, etc.The entry of Princess Chizun into Tibet made the relationship between Tubo and Nipolo closer.

After Songtsan Gampo wiped out these two kingdoms, it not only eliminated the threats from the west and north, but also benefited the replenishment of Tubo soldiers, rations and horses. The strong development provides material guarantee.

After quelling the civil strife, conquering the Qiangs, and reunifying Tibet, Songtsen Gampo, who was full of political foresight, actively sent envoys to the neighboring country of Nibera (now Nepal) to conduct trade with each other, sell handicrafts and hire craftsmen and artists to teach them. Architecture, painting, and sculpture skills; on the one hand, they made contact with the Tang Dynasty.The close and friendly friendship between Tibetan and Han people was established and developed.At that time, the Tang Dynasty in the Central Plains, under the rule of Li Shimin, an outstanding statesman and military strategist in Chinese history, summed up historical experience and lessons, implemented a series of policies that were beneficial to the national economy and people's livelihood, and promoted the high development of social economy and culture, and the national strength. Strong and powerful, the prestige spread far and wide, and the prosperous age of "Zhenguan's rule" appeared.

Songtsan Gampo had a profound relationship with the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), he sent an envoy to Chang'an to greet the Tang Dynasty.Tang Taizong sent an envoy Feng Dexia to pay his respects with a letter.Songtsan Gampo was very happy to see Feng Dexia.Songtsan Gampo heard that both Tudian and Tuyuhun were married to princesses of the Tang Dynasty, so he sent envoys to follow Feng Dexia to the court, presented gold treasures, and proposed marriage.At that time Tang Taizong did not agree.After the envoy returned, he said to Songtsan Gampo: "When I first arrived in the great country (Tang Dynasty), he treated me very well and allowed me to marry the princess. It happened that King Tuyuhun entered the court and sowed discord in the middle, so the courtesy was not good, and the princess was not allowed to marry. "Songtsan Gampo joined forces with Yangtong and sent troops to attack Tuyuhun, but Tuyuhun couldn't resist and fled to Qinghai.
In the autumn of the 12th year of Zhenguan (638), Songtsan Gampo led the Tubo army to attack Songzhou in the Tang Dynasty. The general in charge of the march, Niu Jinda, the general of the left military guard, was the general in charge of the broad waterway, and the general Liu Lan, who was leading the army on the right, was the chief in charge of the march in the Taohe channel.Before Hou Junji, the main force of the Tang army, made a move, Niu Jinda, the vanguard of the Tang army, had already defeated the Tubo army.Niu Jinda led a small number of Tang troops to attack the Tubo barracks, and still captured more than 1000 Tubo heads (the light soldiers attacked the Tubo barracks in time to take away most of the heads of the killed enemies, and in this case the number of enemies killed was far more than the number of beheaded heads), showing Songtsen Gampo was terrified due to his strong combat effectiveness, and led his troops to withdraw from Dangxiang, Bailanqiang, Tuyuhun and other places, and sent envoys to apologize.Songtsan Gampo sent his prime minister Lu Dongzan to present 5000 taels of gold and hundreds of other treasures.Tang Taizong married Princess Wencheng (clan daughter) to Songtsen Gampo.

(End of this chapter)