Summoning of the Great General of the Great Qin Empire

Chapter 237

In the 15th year of Zhenguan (641), when Songtsan Gampo was 25 years old, the Tang Dynasty sent King Jiangxia and Li Daozong, Minister of Rites, to escort Princess Wencheng into Tubo.Songtsan Gampo personally led the Imperial Guards to meet him from a long way from Tubo.Princess Wencheng and her party went west from Daotang River, Riyue Mountain and other places to Baihai (Zhalinghai) near the source of the Yellow River, and met Songtsan Gampo's wedding team.Songtsan Gampo was very respectful to Li Daozong for his son-in-law, and returned to Tubo with Princess Wencheng, saying to his close people, "My father and ancestors never intermarried to go to the country. Now I have to honor the princess of the Tang Dynasty. It is really a blessing. The princess builds a city to show off her descendants."Songtsan Gampo built cities and palaces for Princess Wencheng.Princess Wencheng didn't like the ocher face custom of the Tubo people. Songtsan Gambo ordered to stop the ocher face custom, and he changed the felt fur and put on silk clothes. 》, and invited people who were literate in the Tang Dynasty to manage the Tubo

The Tubo book "The Sage's Wedding Banquet" records that "Songtsan Gampo ascended the throne of celebration, crowned Princess Wencheng and made her queen."

Princess Wencheng, a daughter of the Tang Dynasty clan (not the emperor's daughter). "Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" records: "Princess Zanmeng Wencheng was welcomed to the land of Tubo by Gar Dongzanyusong." "In the year of the sheep (683)...winter, Zanmeng Princess Wencheng was worshipped."

Scholar Wang Yao and others pointed out that Zanmeng is Juemeng and Zhumeng.Titles like btsan mo, jumong, jo mo, etc. make no difference when used to address Tsanpo women.Jumong has been written as Moomong. According to the records in "Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents", both the honorific title of Zanmeng and the enjoyment of sacrificial offerings after death are the treatment enjoyed by people whose status is not lower than that of the Tubo queen. Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng both have this treatment. Songtsam Among the women in Ganbu, only Princess Wencheng has this kind of treatment
Regarding Princess Chizun of Nipoluo, in Dunhuang Tubo documents, Tubo inscriptions on gold and stones and other Tubo historical materials with less fantasy and absurdity, as well as in Han historical records, Songtsan Gampo married Princess Wencheng, but Songtsan Gampo did not marry Princess Wencheng. Princess Nipo Luo Chizun.The fact that Songtsan Gampo married Princess Nibhara Chizun only comes from some chapters of some fantastic and absurd novels in some Tubo books (such as some chapters in the history of Zhujian (Tibet's Avalokitesvara), Tibetan King Tongji, etc.).Some foreign Tibetologists even wrote "Songtsan Gampo's Wife", saying that Songtsan Gampo's marriage to Princess Nipo Luo Chizun was a fiction.In fact, Princess Nipo Luo Chizun has a relatively low status.

Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty returned from defeating Goguryeo. Songtsan Gampo sent Lu Dongzan to write a letter saying: "Your Majesty will calm the four directions, and the sun and the moon will illuminate them, and the ministers will rule them. When the day comes to triumph, even though the geese fly in the sky, there is no speed. The geese are like the geese, and I would like to smelt gold for the goose to offer." The golden goose he offered was seven feet high, and it contained three dendrobiums of solid wine.In the 22nd year of Zhenguan (648), Wang Xuance sent an envoy and was plundered by Zhongtianzhu. Songtsan Gampo sent elite soldiers to follow Wang Xuance to defeat Zhongtianzhu and sent people to offer captives.

In the 23rd year of Tang Zhenguan (649), Songtsen Gampo was canonized by Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty as the captain-in-law and the king of Xihai County. Songtsan Gampo offered fifteen kinds of gold, silver and jewelry to Zhaoling.Emperor Gaozong of Tang praised Songtsan Gampo and made him the King of Cong.Carved stone statues according to Songtsan Gampo's appearance are displayed under the Xuanque of Zhaoling Mausoleum.

In the first year of Yonghui (650), Songtsen Gampo died at the age of 34.There are different opinions on the cause of his death: one is that Princess Chizun infected Songtsen Gampo after being infected with the plague, and Songtsen Gampo soon died in Semogang, Pengyu (near Pengbo Farm, Linzhou County, Tibet Autonomous Region). The other said that Songtsen Gampo was assassinated by Bon believers who hated Buddhism.The next year, with a grand funeral, Tubo built a very tall tomb for Songtsan Gampo, called "Muri Mubo", between the tombs of the Tubo Zanpu kings in Qiongjie.Because of his son Gongri Gongzan's early death, Sun Mangsong Mangzan succeeded him and talked about Lu Dongzan's regent.

In the tenth year of Xiantong (869), large-scale civilian and slave uprisings broke out in Tubo.In the fourth year of Qianfu (877), the uprising reached its peak. The royal family, nobles, and slave owners of all sizes in Tubo were almost exterminated.Songtsan Gampo's "Muri Mubo" mausoleum was shared by the Mulu family and the Jiu family (Dang family), so it has not been excavated and has been preserved to this day.

In the official system of the royal court in Tubo, there was originally one person named Da Lun (Prime Minister) who was in charge of internal affairs and foreign affairs. He had great power and was often difficult to control.Songtsan Gampo felt the need for reform, so he added many more prime ministers besides Dalun, including Xiaolun (deputy minister), Bingmadu Marshal Prime Minister Tong Pingzhangshi, and Deputy Marshal Tong Pingzhangshi to command the national army. .In addition, there are four top officials who are in charge of civil affairs, all of which are called "Zai Tong Ping Zhang Shi". They are in charge of the state affairs together with Da Lun.Under the prime minister, various officials are set up to take charge of various government affairs.Among them is Nanglun (Neixiang), which is in charge of internal affairs such as promotion, transfer and compensation of officials, which is equivalent to the Minister of the Ministry of Officials
Diao Lun (Foreign Minister), equivalent to Honglu Siqing, in charge of foreign affairs such as the reception of foreign envoys. "Shore Ben" (duzhi envoy) divides the finances.Know the twists and turns (big accountant), in charge of tax collection.Yu Saibo Shubu (judgment officer), also known as "the prime minister of the whole matter", is in charge of criminal affairs, which is equivalent to the minister of the Ministry of punishment.In addition, there are middle-level officials in charge of announcing and issuing edicts, collectively known as the prime minister's staff.Among the above-mentioned officials, the most respected one is the one who takes charge of government affairs and must approve all matters, no matter how big or small.The above-mentioned official positions are all held by nobles, and their positions are hereditary from father to son.In this way, the country's political, military and other government affairs are under the unified management of the royal court, and the nobles cannot go their own way, which strengthens the power of the royal court.

Songtsen Gampo also formulated an official rank system in the official system, and issued gaoshen (a kind of badge) to officials at all levels, divided into six categories, each with two levels, large and small, for a total of twelve levels.The highest grade is Sese, followed by gold, silver, gold-plated, copper, and iron.

Songtsen Gampo formulated and promulgated laws.According to the Tubo history books, "Songtsan Gampo used his subjects to compete with each other in front of the emperor. He was disrespectful and disrespectful. He created ten good laws, so that the good can be persuaded and the evil can be warned."According to records, there were [-] laws promulgated at that time, the main content of which was: "To persuade those who do good, to punish those who do evil, to bring the strong to justice, to support the poor and weak with the law, and to set up four soldiers as guards." "Determining the law of weights and measures, establishing the system of paddy fields. Teaching the people to learn books, equipping the horses, and creating etiquette and righteousness." This is the meaning of legislation.As for the law, there is a saying, "Fighters will be fined, and those who kill will be compensated according to their size. Those who steal property will be fined eight times, and the original property will be nine times. Adulterers will have their limbs cut off and they will die. Those who tell lies will cut out their tongues" (Liu Liqian Translation of "Historical Records"

Various records are different. Some say that there are "ten good laws" in Qizong Nongzan, and some say that there are "eighteen moral commandments". Most of them are moral precepts, and some are added by later generations.According to historical records, laws were enacted when the sect was abandoned to praise, and punishment was used to maintain social order, which was in line with the historical situation at that time.According to historical records, Tubo's "government is so harsh that no one dares to violate it." "Punishments, even minor crimes, must be punished, such as cutting, cutting, using the skin as a whip, whipping according to happiness and anger, impermanence counting (counting); the prison, the depth of the cave is several feet deep, and the prisoner is in the middle, two or three years old. It is out".At that time, the social development of Tubo was relatively backward, and the formulation of such backward punishment was completely in line with the situation of slavery.

In terms of military system, Songtsan Gampo combined the local administrative organization with the military organization, and divided the whole country of Tubo into four divisions: Wuru (center wing), which governed the area north of the Yarlung Zangbo River centered on Luoxie; Yoru (right wing). , which governs the Jiangnan area centered on the Yalong Valley; Yeru (left wing), which governs the north and south of the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River; Laru (rear wing), which governs the north and south of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River.After conquering Subi, another Sun Boru was established. "Ru" has the meaning of "wing" and "flag", and it is the large military area and administrative area of ​​Tubo.Each example is divided into upper and lower branches, a total of eight branches, each branch has four thousand households, and each branch has a lower thousand households. There are 32 thousand households and four thousand households in total. There are thousands of households.

In addition, there are four thousand households of the forbidden army divided into four towns, such as Siru.For each division, there is one marshal, one deputy general, and one judge.Points, such as different colors on the flag and horses, serve as distinctions.The army is organized with more than one hundred people as a unit, and a centurion is set up.One Dawubai commanded five centurion commanders, and one thousand commander commanded two Dawubai. In fact, each Qianfu owned about [-] people and commanded [-] Dawubai. They were later called Wanhu Fu or Wanfu long.Each thousand households is not only a military organization unit, but also a local administrative unit, and it is also the original aristocratic territory.Officials at all levels below the general are all held by local nobles and nobles, and their positions are hereditary, but they must be appointed by the royal court.All soldiers are registered and registered, and the imperial court is in charge of it. The national army is commanded by the Marshal of Bingmadu, and the mobilization is based on Zanpu's golden arrows.

According to Tibetan historical books "Five Legacy Teachings" and "Wedding Banquet of Sages", the total number of troops after adaptation was 402400, which is consistent with the record of "hundreds of thousands of troops won by Tubo" in "New Book of Tang: Tubo Biography".

The economy of Tubo is dominated by animal husbandry.In order to benefit production and prosper the economy, Songtsen Gampo was inspired by the land equalization system of the Tang Dynasty, and combined with the local social reality, he implemented a special land equalization system.According to the important status of the free people in Tubo society, he ordered that the royal land and some state property (such as livestock) be distributed to the poor free people first, "open up wasteland, divide good land and pasture", and develop agriculture and animal husbandry according to local conditions. and established a "green book" to register the household registration and arable land area of ​​civilians, and fixed taxes according to the land.

The law of land distribution was also implemented among slaves. Each household of slaves who cultivated the king’s land could be allocated a piece of land according to the amount of labor. There was also a special household registration book, which stipulated the land used and the rent and labor responsibilities. .After years of recuperation and social stability, Tubo's economy gradually prospered.

In terms of animal husbandry, the livestock raised are mainly yaks, horses, and sheep, and there are also pigs, dogs and other livestock.They live by aquatic plants in spring and summer, and have fixed pastures in autumn and winter. "Cows and sheep live, and the roads are full." The "cow leg tax" levied by the Tubo Dynasty also reflects the degree of development of animal husbandry; The main crops are barley, wheat, buckwheat and beans.In terms of farming techniques, the "two oxen carrying" plow is generally adopted, and the farmland is connected. Vertical and horizontal." These have greatly improved compared to before; the development of commerce and handicrafts, the mastery of quenching and sharpening technology, and the improvement of the metallurgical industry have provided enough armor, knives and arrows for thousands of troops galloping across the battlefield. wait.The footprints of the Tubo caravan traveled all over the countries of Central Asia, creating an unprecedented miracle on the plateau.

Songtsan Gampo's achievements in culture are most praised for his writing, sending Tubo children to study in Chang'an, and worshiping Buddhism.In the past, there was no written language in Tubo.

"Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" records: Tubo did not have writing in ancient times, and it only appeared at the time of this king (Songtsen Gampo).

According to the urgent needs of Tubo’s foreign relations, production development and government governance, Songtsen Gampo sent 7 noble children headed by Thonmi Sambuza to study in Tianzhu (India) and other places in the early 16th century AD to study Sanskrit and the Western Regions. National script.After repeated comparisons, using simple and clear strokes and different shapes that are easy to write, a Tibetan alphabet with 30 letters (all consonants) was created, and consonants were overlapped or certain symbols were added to consonants to form compound consonants.In addition, 4 vowel symbols were designed and added above and below the letters to spell Tibetan.

After the creation of the Tibetan language, Songtsen Gampo not only practiced it himself, but also devoted himself to studying it for four years. He also called on the ministers to learn Tibetan language, and specifically stipulated that young nobles must learn it, and rewards for good academic performance.He also ordered Thonmi Sambuza to write "Thirty Verses on the Roots of Grammar", explaining the main grammar rules with rhyme and verses, including the use of 4 "cases" and virtual characters, as a textbook for learning Tibetan (although some The theory that Thonmi Sambuza created the Tibetan language alone is controversial, or it is the collective labor of many unsung heroes, but the creation of the Tibetan language was indeed completed when Songtsan Gampo was in charge of Tubo Tsampo. has been widely recognized).As a result, the national culture of Tubo developed rapidly and spread widely.

During Songtsen Gampo's reign, he sent a group of aristocratic children who were proficient in Tibetan to Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, to study "Poems" and "Books"[32] in the Taixue, allowing them to accept the advanced feudal culture of the Tang Dynasty in large numbers.These people were very intelligent, and many achieved excellent results.For example, Zhong Cong, a Tubo envoy during Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, was proficient in both Tibetan and Chinese, and his eloquence was not hindered, and he was once praised by the Tang people.Another example is that during Tang Zhongzong's time, the Tubo envoy who went to the Tang Dynasty to marry the Jincheng princess, Ming Xiliu, had a poem with the Han literati. Because of his very decent "sacrifice for longevity from the origin of jade wine", it was passed down as a good story.

The Tubo people originally believed in the Bon religion, and their main activities were divination, praying for disasters, curing diseases and sending them to death, and "serving ghosts and gods".Legend has it that the former kings of Tubo ruled the country with the Bon religion. Until the 7th century, the leaders of the Bon religion maintained a high status in the Zanpu court, such as the shaman who prayed to the gods during the Damengmenghui.Songtsan Gampo introduced Buddhism from Nibhara and the Tang Dynasty, and imported Buddha statues, Buddhist scriptures, dharma objects, etc. to Tubo.According to reports, Thonmi Sambuza also brought several Buddhist classics with him when he returned to China, which were later translated into Tibetan. Since then, Buddhism has been introduced to Tubo.Songtsan Gampo established the Dazhao Temple, the Ramozhao Temple and 12 Buddhist temples in Tubo.However, at that time, the vast majority of Tubo people believed in the Bon religion, which is the so-called "good at swearing and swearing, flattering ghosts and gods", and not many people became monks.It was not until the era of Chidezu Zanzanpu (704-755) that Buddhism gradually spread in Tubo.

Songtsen Gampo adopted a policy of good-neighborliness and friendship with neighboring countries.During his reign, he insisted on developing a close relationship with the Tang Dynasty as the basic national policy of creating a strong and prosperous Tubo Dynasty, which made the relationship between Tubo and the Tang Dynasty extremely harmonious, and the mutual respect and mutual assistance between the two sides strengthened their friendship.Although the rulers of the two sides fell out repeatedly, the traditional friendship between the two ethnic groups has continued. The exchanges of bilateral envoys have increased year by year, and there is an endless stream. If a family" "Uncle and nephew repair their old ones, they are all in the same family."

According to rough statistics, in the 634 years from the eighth year of Zhenguan (846) to the sixth year of Huichang (212), the two sides sent envoys to each other more than 200 times, with an average of one in nearly a year.In order to facilitate transportation, the system of post stations in Tubo was further improved, "one station within a hundred miles", and there were "quantitative officials" in the station, who "received courteously and provided generous supplies" to Tang envoys.

In the 18th year of Zhenguan (644), Tang Taizong returned from his expedition to Liaodong.Songtsan Gampo immediately sent Lu Dongzan to Chang'an to present an inscription, and presented a golden goose made of gold, "seven feet high, with three dendrobiums of Zhongke solid wine", as a token of Tubo's friendship with Tang.

"New Book of Tang" records: (Songtsen Gampo) envoy Ludong Zan wrote: "Your Majesty will pacify the four directions, and the sun and moon will shine, and your ministers will govern them. Goryeo relies on its distance and cannot lead according to etiquette. The emperor will conquer the Liao Dynasty. The city is trapped in battle, and the sun is flying in triumph. Although the geese are flying in the sky, they are not as fast as they are. My husband's goose is like a wild goose, and I am willing to smelt gold and make it for the goose." It is seven feet high and contains three clumps of dendrobium wine. In the 22nd year, Youwei led the governor of the palace, Wang Xuance, to the Western Regions to capture the money for Zhongtianzhu. He praised Xuance and sent elite soldiers to defeat it and offer prisoners.

In the 22nd year of Zhenguan (648), Wang Xuance, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, was robbed in Zhongtianzhu on his way to the Western Regions, and all his belongings were robbed. Wang Xuance went to Tubo to look for reinforcements.After hearing the news, Songtsan Gampo immediately sent out more than a thousand elite troops, and also asked Nibala to send more than 7 cavalry to assist. Under the command of Wang Xuance, they defeated the bandits of Zhongtianzhu and captured their king in Chang'an, which once again reflected the mutual assistance and friendship between Tibet and Tang Dynasty. relation.

For example, the Tubo people used to "live in felt tents" and wear felt fur clothes. Since then, many people have "released felt furs, dressed in rich clothes, and gradually admired the beauty". "Since your lord got married, half of the Hu Feng is like the Han family." These few lines of poems written by the Tang Dynasty poet Chen Tao are just the praise and truth of the role of the princess's entry into Tibet on the social, cultural and economic development of Tubo after the Tang Dynasty's marriage. portrayal.Similarly, Tubo sent young people to study in the Tang Dynasty, and the popular chinknot and ocher face of Tubo women, as well as the traditional polo entertainment in Tubo society, were also spread to the Central Plains, adding more colorful cultural exchanges between the Tibetan and Han peoples. Content.

In the 23rd year of Zhenguan (649), after the death of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty, Prince Li Zhi succeeded to the throne. He conferred the title of "Captain Prince Consort" to Songtsen Gampo and the title of "Prince of Xihai County".Songtsen Gampo immediately pledged his allegiance to the court after the new emperor of the Tang Dynasty succeeded to the throne. He wrote to the Prime Minister of the Tang Dynasty, Changsun Wuji, saying: If anyone inside or outside the court wants to take advantage of the new mourning of Taizong and the new establishment of Gaozong to launch a rebellion, he will personally order it. The soldiers went to the disaster and jointly attacked the rebels.Also offer 15 kinds of gold, silver and jewelry, please place them in front of Taizong's memorial.Li Zhi, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, greatly appreciated Songtsan Gampo's loyalty and named him "King Si". He ordered that a stone statue of Songtsan Gampo be carved and placed next to the tomb of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty together with the stone statues of other distinguished princes, generals and ministers. , as the highest reward for him.

After Princess Wencheng arrived in Luoxi after going through thousands of mountains and rivers, the Tubo people were ecstatic, dressed in festive costumes, sang and danced, and warmly welcomed the Zanma (Queen), who symbolized the deep and intimate friendship between the Han and Tibetan peoples.

Princess Wencheng is knowledgeable about books and rituals, erudite and talented, and believes in Buddhism. As a pioneer of the unity and friendship between the Han and Tibetan nationalities, she spread the Central Plains culture into Tibet, which is conducive to enhancing the close unity of the Han and Tibetan peoples and promoting the economic and cultural exchanges and development between the Central Plains and Tubo. , had a huge and far-reaching impact on history.

According to Tibetan folk songs, when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, she brought 3800 types of grains, 5500 types of livestock, and 5500 craftsmen.Although these figures are undoubtedly exaggerated and exaggerated, there are undeniable basic facts: with the entry of Princess Wencheng into Tibet, the inland plain areas such as farm tool manufacturing, weaving, silk reeling, construction, papermaking, wine making, pottery, etc. Milling and other production technologies, as well as scientific knowledge such as calendar and medicine, were gradually transmitted to Tubo.Changes have taken place in the clothing, food and housing of the local people.

Songtsen Gampo is the most important and well-known Tibetan king in Tibetan history.

Songtsan Gampo made outstanding achievements in his life. He unified Tibet, formally established the Tubo Dynasty, and promoted the comprehensive development of Tubo politics, economy and culture.It communicated the friendly relationship with the Tang Dynasty in the mainland, and promoted the exchange and development of Han-Tibetan national culture.In order to strengthen and consolidate the regime, Songtsen Gampo took a series of effective measures: moving the capital to Lhasa and building the Potala Palace; dividing Tibet into six major administrative regions; promoting Buddhism; creating characters; marrying the Tang Dynasty and marrying Princess Wencheng , and built the Jokhang Temple and the Ramoche Temple; unified the seat weight system; encouraged the people to reclaim wasteland; protected water conservancy resources; opened mountains and built roads to promote trade, and so on.These have greatly promoted the development of Tubo's politics, military, economy, and culture.

Tibetans have always respected Songtsen Gampo very much. He is not only regarded as the incarnation of Guanyin, but also one of the three famous Dharma kings. The other two Dharma kings are Trisong Detsen and Trizu Detsen.

The subjects at that time praised Songtsen Gampo for his literary and martial arts in this way: on the top there is a leader as deep as Qisunongzan (that is, Songtsan Gampo), and on the bottom there are ministers as wise as Dongzan (that is, Ludongzan). Acting for the heavens, serving the ministers, benefiting the land, majestic and dignified, well-governed, foreign officials are obedient, internal affairs are clear, the people in the head of Guizhou, there is a hierarchy, the collection is regular, the residence is beneficial, the spring and autumn are orderly, and the wishes are rewarded , the tyrannical will be imprisoned, the stubborn will be punished, the bullying will be suppressed, the kind will be promoted, the wise will be praised, the brave will be favored, the official will be competent, the people will be honest, and everyone will be happy.There was no written language in Tubo in the past, but Songtsan Gampo ordered it to be enacted at this time; the establishment of legal and official uniforms, the power is different, the position is high or low, rewarding loyalty, and punishing disobedience.

"Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" commented: All the pure and good customs and wise political affairs of Tubo appeared at the time of King Songtsan (Songtsan Gampo). [38]
In the 7th century, Thonmi Sangboza, a minister of Songtsen Gampo, first taught Tibetan to Songtsen Gampo in the ancient Karmari Palace after he created the Tibetan language.Songtsen Gampo quickly learned and applied it freely, and wrote three books (there are different versions).One of the works has long been lost, and the other was basically incomplete by the time of Master Atisha due to the backward printing technology and long history at that time. face is gone.

According to legend, "The Complete Works of Mani" was written by Songtsan Gampo, but from the analysis of the esoteric practice and Madhyamaka thought reflected in the book, it is very unlikely that the "Complete Works of Mani" was written by Songtsan Gampo. "Complete Works of Mani" covers a wide range of content, including the biography of Songtsan Gampo and the historical process of the construction of Zulakang (Jokhang Temple) in Lhasa; the historical process of marrying Princess Wencheng from the capital of Tang Dynasty and welcoming the 12-year-old statue of Sakyamuni ; Avalokiteshvara's yoga practice method; the teachings of princesses, ministers, and the people, etc.It is a precious document and historical material integrating history, religion, law, biography, etc.

(End of this chapter)